How has the role of the nation-state changed in a globalised society?

Introduction There has been considerable debate about whether globalisation has changed the role of the nation-state. While a somewhat nebulous concept, a nation-state can be defined as a geopolitical entity deriving its legitimacy through the service of a sovereign population or nation (Holton 2011; Croucher 2004). Globalisation can be loosely understood as the increasing political, cultural, and economic interaction of international populations (Al-Rodhan et al. 2006). This essay will look at the changing role of the nation-state in the modern period of globalisation (post-WWII), although there is certainly much to be said about earlier periods. In terms of structure, it will begin by considering economic, political, and cultural changes. This will be juxtaposed by the following section outlining arguments that downplay the relationship between globalisation and the nation-state. It will be concluded that the nation-state has undergone substantial change in the globalised world, but that there remains a great deal of structural continuity. Globalisation has the changed the economic role of the nation-state in several respects. Cerny (1995) suggests an erosion of the ability to provide all three main kinds of public good: regulatory, productive/distributive, and redistributive. One ‘good’ in the first category is a stable currency, the control of which has traditionally fallen within the remit of the national banks or their equivalents. This is still theoretically true, but today foreign governments, organisations, or even individuals can play a critical role because of globalisation. One need only consider Black Wednesday (16 September, 1992) in Britain, when George Soros ‘broke the Bank of England’ by short-selling the pound, or the gradual accumulation of American dollars by China due to the latter’s trade surplus, to see how globalisation has stripped the nation-state of much of its power in terms of controlling currency. In the world o f rapid communication, especially via the internet, the situation has become even more difficult to control (Goksel 2004; Evans 1997; Cerny 1995). In addition, globalisation often means the presence of numerous foreign firms within national borders, which can lead to currency fluctuations as a result of foreign remittances. The rapid transfer of economic instability across borders, as was the case during the global financial crisis (2007-8) or the financial crisis in East Asia (1997-8), shows how the role of the nation-state in maintaining economic order has been eroded more generally (Goksel 2004). It is argued by Strange (1997) and others that the balance of economic power has shifted in favour of multinational corporations (MNCs). They believe this process began in earnest in the 1960s and 1970s because of foreign direct investment (FDI) from the USA, but that it has increased since the 1980s due to the influence of Japanese and Western European FDI. The recent revelation that th e Trans-Pacific Partnership might bring in legislation allowing MNCs to override American national laws, by appealing to an international tribunal, suggests that there might soon be a significant reduction in the economic powers of the nation-state (Carter 2012). It is impossible to speak of the economic effects of globalisation without also discussing the political consequences. The most important forces in this respect are the supranational bodies to which many nation-states now belong, such as the EU (European Union), which regulates the labour markets, industrial organisation, business practices and trade conditions of its member states. Moreover, the majority of member states have relinquished their former currencies in favour of the Euro, which has meant transference of monetary policy over from sovereign national banks to the European Central Bank (ECB) (Goksel 2004). There are a significant number of other trade blocs (customs unions, common markets, monetary unions) across the globe, such as NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) or the SAARC (South American Association for Regional Cooperation), which operate under similar conditions. These are symptoms and perpetuators of globalisation, all of which represent a diminishment of the economic independence of nation-states. In the 20th century there has been a blossoming of trade blocs, but it should be noted that they go back long before the era of modern globalisation, with the first probably being the 13th-century Hanseatic League (Milner 2002). Large political collectives have had a significant effect on the role of the nation-state in other respects. The state’s role in the globalised world often now includes broader, international objectives focused on sweeping environmental, social, economic or other concerns (Evans 1997). The EU has a budget to which member states must contribute, which further reduces the economic sovereignty of participating nation-states (Wolf 2001; Holton 2011; G oksel 2004). Likewise, groups such as the G7, G8, and G20, which consist of the largest economies in the world, impose new obligations on nation-states, related to issues such as energy consumption, ozone depletion, or acid rain, among others (Goksel 2004). Some of obligations date back many decades, such as the United Nations’ (UN) Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 1948. The importance of supranational political actors in particular can perhaps best be seen in the security sphere. Historically, the defence of the populous has been one of the central roles of the nation-state, and to certain extent the main justification for its power (Held 1998; Held and McGrew 1998). It is noted by Strange (1997) that this obligation has largely been removed in some cases from the hands of individual nations, which rely instead on multilateral agreements. As Goksel (2004: 2) puts it, ‘Armies are often kept not so much to enforce terr itorial claims or to extend them, but rather to maintain civil order.’ The state’s role in providing defence has been altered in order to allow it to fit into a new system of global defence agreements. The traditional military role of the nation-state, which focused on ‘the acquisition, employment and use of military force to achieve national goals’, has been abandoned in many cases today (Held 1998: 226). In a certain sense this is fitting because there are now many global security concerns, such as terrorism, that require multilateral cooperation in matters of intelligence gathering. This has diminished the traditional role of the nation-state in guiding its own defence policy, but in some cases it has enhanced its position. For example, Hobsbawm (2007: 137) believes that by exaggerating the terrorist threat American has been ‘inventing enemies that legitimise the expansion and use of its global power’. Globalisation has perhaps expanded and diminished the security role of the nation-state, depending on where one looks. In either case, however, there has been change. There is also a cultural argument to be considered. The nation-state has been an important locus of identity for individuals and communities for centuries. How long exactly is a matter of fierce controversy, and this topic has divided IR (international relations) scholars into three dominant schools: the primordialists, the ethnosymbolists (e.g., Smith 1987, 1995, 2009), and the modernists (e.g., Hobsbawn 1990; Anderson 1983; Gellner 1983). In any case, it is argued by modernists such as Hobsbawm (1990) that the nation-state’s role as a cultural and social identifier is gradually being eroded as supranational alternatives emerge. This is supported by the fact that in a globalised society flows of information and ideas are rapid, unpredictable, and unrestricted by national boundaries. Platforms such as the internet, for example, are the great facilit ators of new forms of indentify that chip away at the traditional position of the nation-state (Hobsbawm 1990). It is not universally accepted, however, that the role of the nation-state has changed in the globalised world. There has been particular criticism of the idea that globalisation might lead to the ‘end of the nation-state’ or otherwise drastically diminish its role, arguments synonymous with the modernist school of International Relations (e.g., Evans 1997; Strange 1997; Ohmae 1995; Hobsbawm 1990; Gellner 1983). Holton (2011) argues that nation-states are still the most important of the actors in the global sphere, despite the influence of supranational organisations. For Holton, it is simply the case that the role of the nation-state has to be reframed in global terms. He does, however, acknowledge that some have experienced a curtailment of their economic and political role through a lack of bargaining power, as the cases of the budgetary crisis in EU member states, such as Greece, Portugal, Ireland and Spain, reveal. Hirst and Thompson (1996) do not believe that any trend towards a more globalised world (something they are sceptical of in the first place) has had a significant impact on the nation-state. They note that while decisions are often passed on to multinational bodies, it falls to individual countries to make decisions within this framework. One might argue, however, that arguments such as this underestimate the independence of self-contained, highly secretive governing bodies such as the European Commission. Hirst and Thompson (1996) are particularly critical of the suggestion that globalisation has diminished the role of the nation-state, contending instead that the enhanced ‘possibilities of national and international governance’ have actually strengthened it. Gilpin (2000) takes a similar line, arguing that many of the changes in the role of the nation-state cannot be attributed to increasing globalisation. Rather, they are part of a pattern dating back to before WWI when the Gold Standard was in place. Indeed, the Gold Standard is a relic of the pre-globalisation world, yet it stripped the state of currency control nearly to the same extent as modern monetary unions (Gilpin 2000). Through this lens, the ‘state may be reverting to its 19th-century role in the economy’, which suggests that many of the changes seen today would be equally operative in the ‘pre-globalisation’ world. Goksel (2004) argues that although globalisation has changed the role of the nation-state, it is important not to view this as something that was guaranteed to happen. In this sense he argues against the ‘deterministic approach’ of scholars such as Strange (1997). This is valid observation with reference to certain elements of globalisation, and it is true that in theory no nation-state is obliged to submit powers to supranational organisations. However, it is not valid wi th regard to issues such as the dissemination of technology, where the role of the state in controlling national information was always going to be diminished as the world become more globalised. Goksel (2004: 11) also points to the fact that in a very basic way the role of the nation-state has remained the same as ‘there are structural obstacles to the withering away of the state. Votes have to be cast somewhere, taxes have to be paid to particular authorities, which can be held accountable for public services such as education and health. Moreover, states continue to create a regulatory environment for their economies.’ Arguments such as these highlight the importance of not overstating the case for globalisation as a force for change. In conclusion, the role of the nation-state has been reformed by the globalised world. There are a few possible exceptions to this, such as the highly insular North Korea, but such cases are anomalies. In economic terms, there has been a tendency either for the state to lose power to supranational bodies, or to have it eroded by global forces largely beyond its control. The same is true of the political sphere, in which nation-states have generally found their freedoms curtailed by wider forces, or in some cases extended due to advantageous positioning within multinational organisations, such as is the case with the United States and the UN. Nevertheless, there has been an element of structural consistency in the role of nation-states insofar as they are still the predominant actors in international politics, and most of the functions of supranational and other bodies rely on them. The nation-state remains indispensible and arguments that suggest its demise are overstated. The boundaries of this debate, however, are far from fixed, as the proposed legislation related to corporations and the Trans-Pacific Partnership demonstrates. No doubt it is too early to predict the future of the nation-state in the globalised world, but it has certainly undergone change so far. Word count: 1986 Reference List: Al-Rodhan, R.F. Nayef and Stoudmann, G. (2006). Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a Proposed Definition http://www.sustainablehistory.com/articles/definitions-of-globalization.pdf [Retrieved 06/01/2014] Carter, Z. (2012) Obama Trade Document Leaked, Revealing New Corporate Powers and Broken Campaign Promises. Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/13/obama-trade-document-leak_n_1592593.html [Retrieved 05/01/2014] Cerny, P. G. (1995) Globalisation and the Changing Logic of Collective Action, International Organization, 49 (4), pp. 595-625 Croucher, S. L. (2004) Globalization and Belonging, Lanham, Md.: Rowman &? Littlefield. Evans, P. (1997) The Eclipse of the State?: Reflections on Stateness in an Era of Globalisation, World Politics, 50, pp. 62-87 Gellner, E. (1983) Nation and Nationalism, Blackwell: Oxford Gilpin, R. (2000) The Challenge of Global Capitalism, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press Goksel. N. K. (2004) Globalisation and the State, Centre for Strategic Research http://sam.gov.tr/globalisation-and-the-state/ [Retrieved 06/01/2014] Held, D. (1989) Political Theory and the Modern State, Stanford California: Stanford University Press Held, D. and McGrew, A. (1998) The End of the Old OrderReview of International Studies, 24 Hirst, P. Q. and Thompson, G. (1996) Globalisation in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance, Cambridge: Blackwell Hobsbawm E. (1990) Nations and Nationalism since 1780, Cambridge University Press Hobsbawm, E (2007) Globalisation, Democracy and Terrorism, London: Abacus Holton, R. J. (2011) Globalization and the Nation State, (2nd ed.) Basingstoke: Palgrave, Macmillan Milner, H. V (2002) International Trade in Carlsnaes, W.; Risse, T., Simmons, B. A., Handbook of International Relations. London: SAGE Publications. Ohmae, K. (1995) The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies, London: Harper Collins Shaw, M. (1997) The state of globalisation : towards a theory of state transformation. Review of International Political Economy, 4, 3, pp. 497-513 Smith, A. D, (2009) Ethno-symbolism and Nationalism: A Cultural Approach, Routledge Strange, S. (1997) The Erosion of the State, Current History, 96 (613), pp. 365-369 Wolf, M. (2001) Will the Nation-State Survive GlobalisationForeign Affairs, Vol. 80, 1, pp. 178-190

Cooking Paper Essay

In the article by Mark Bitten, he makes the agreement that most people can feed themselves a healthy meal at home for less money than a meal from the local fast food establishment. His position is that food cooked at home is more nutritious, better for the environment and better for families in general. I agree with Mark Bitten, Junk food such as McDonald’s which most lower income families have for dinner cause its cheaper instead of having something healthy like broccoli which is less affordable is the problem America is having. All of this junk food is the reason why Americans are so overweight, when in fact hyper processed food remains more expensive than food cooked at home. The government subsidies given to the fast food companies are ridiculous. There are five fast-food restaurants for every super market in the United States. The adjusted inflation price of fresh produce has increased by 40 percent while inconceivable the price of soda and processed food has decreased by as much as 30 percent. There could be hundreds of arguments and statements made about this article but what it comes down to to stop our country from dying is real cultural changes. Cooking at home and making food had to become part of normal life, Americans need to see that McDonald’s is hurting them more then it’s helping them. There addictive behaviors are influencing younger kids to be born into bad habits and start a chain of obesity and eating bad. Efforts are being put into slowly stop this, Grocery stores in California are making things affordable for low income people, Zoning laws are restricting the number of fast food restaurants in certain areas, and there have been several programs to educate and build fresh food areas around America. Personally I have not eaten McDonald’s, Wendy’s or Burger King in 11 years and have made efforts to show how bad there food really is and how harming it is. Hopefully people can see the negative effects Junk food has on American’s and the positive effects cooking food at home it has on American’s and this problem can be resolved so we can live in a better world.

Apa Snippets and Style Writing Pointers to Help Tcl Nursing

The abstract should be one paragraph of no more than 120 words on a page by itself. Other features of an abstract include double-spacing, one inch margins without indentation, and Times Roman or Courier 12 font. APA Snippets and Style Writing Pointers to Help TCL Nursing Students Write Excellent Papers The aim of this article is to discuss the varieties of pain assessments, and to determine under which circumstances each assessment is most appropriate. Pain is rated differently by each patient, and is subjective to many factors in the patient’s life, including but not limited to culture and past experiences with pain. Since pain may have an effect on all aspects of a patient’s life, healthcare providers must strive to most properly identify the amount of pain in order to properly control it. Symptoms such as â€Å"crying, elected temperature, facial grimacing, groaning, moaning, guarding of the affected area, loss of sleep, nausea, vomiting, restlessness, rise in blood pressure, rise in respiratory rate, and tachycardia† are typical indicators that a patient is in pain; but how much pain? Healthcare providers, namely nurses, use a system of scales and work with the patient to rate their pain. Nurses must be aware of the different pain rating scales available in order to most accurately assess a patient’s pain level. A nurse must not only be able to determine which pain scale is most appropriate for the patient to identify and express his or her pain level, but also be able to carefully interpret and evaluate the scores. For example, the pain scale that is appropriate for a fully functioning adult will differ from one that is appropriate for a child and differ from one that is appropriate for a patient affected by dementia, etc. A variety of unidimensional scales quantify the intensity of the pain and are more simple; while multidimensional scales do so plus identify the pain quality, uration, and any relieving factors, and are more complex. If time permits, a nurse may choose to use a combination of pain assessments in order to be as thorough as possible. Nurses can implement the use of a variety of pain assessments reviewed in this article into their patient’s shift assessment. A nurse may choose to use a more complex, thorough multidimensional scale upon his or her patient’s admi ssion assessment, and then use a more simple, quick unidimensional scale upon his or her patient’s regularly scheduled shift assessments. Regardless of the type of scale being used, a nurse must always use â€Å"effective and sensitive communication with the patient to assist in expressions of pain. † Nurses must listen to their patient and accurately document their patient’s subjective descriptions of the pain. Also, nurses should allow their patients ample amount of time to respond to their questions, which should also be open-ended questions. After the doctor has reviewed the pain assessment and ordered meds, the â€Å"effects of analgesia should be monitored closely and recorded in nursing notes to maintain continuity of patient care. In conclusion, nurses should assess the patient’s abilities, then choose and tailor the pain assessment to the patient’s needs. Assessments are of immeasurable importance as they have a direct effect on the patient’s quality of life. The more extensive of knowledge a nurse has of the plethora of pain assessments to choose from, the more he or she ca n also select the most appropriate pain scale per the patient, which in turn will have the greatest impact on the patient’s progress. Resources In the text, cite resources used to prepare the paper. Cite references in parentheses at the end of the sentence, but before the period (Burckhalter, 2009). Give the author’s last name, a comma, and year of publication. When citing the same resource several times in the same paragraph, it is necessary to cite the author every time but the year only once (Burckhalter). Cite a page number only for quotes. For works by two authors, name both every time and use an ampersand (Merwin Sapp, 2008). For works with three to five authors, name all in the first citation (Bible, Simmons, Beasley, 2009). In later citations, cite only the first author’s name and the term et al. nd the year. For works of six or more authors, cite only the first author’s surname followed by et al. and year in the text, but identify all the authors in the reference list (Slyh et. al, 2007). When a group or organization is the author, cite the group’s name followed by the year (TCL Nursing Faculty, 2008). References Cite all resources used in the text. For the reference list, center the word â€Å"References† at the top of the last page. Double space the entries and indent all lines, except the first line of each entry, five to seven spaces. Alphabetize the list by the authors’ surnames. Include only the initials and last name of authors, not full names or professional initials. Examples of citations are in the sample reference list with this paper. Note the examples of punctuation and capitalization. Journal citations capitalize only the first word of the article title. All major words in the title of the journal are capitalized. The name of the journal and the journal volume are italicized, but the issue and page numbers are not italicized. For books, the reference citation begins with the author or authors, followed by the date of publication. Only the first word of a book title is capitalized. Book titles are italicized. The publisher’s location is cited by city and state, a colon, and the name of the publisher. Electronic citations use the same guidelines indicated above. Do not place a period at the end of an electronic address. Email sent from one to another should be cited as personal communication and is not included in the reference list. Information from classroom lectures are also personal communication (S. Beasley, April 14, 2009). Conclusion A paper should have a conclusion which restates the purpose of the paper, states the major points, and gives recommendations for practice and/or research. This paper has presented suggestions for helping TCL nursing students write excellent papers. A student may also consider using this document as a foundation for a paper. The margins are set correctly. References American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed. ). Washington, DC: Author. Author, C. K. (2007, September 30). Title of a journal article. Imprint, 21, 35-40. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Benton Foundation. (1998, July 7). Barriers to closing the gap. In Losing ground bit by bit: Low-income communities in the information age (chap. ). Retrieved from HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www. Benton. org/Library/Low-Income/two. html† http://www. Benton. org/Library/Low-Income/two. html Bible, C. M. , Simmons, A. W. , Beasley, S. G. (2009). Summer events at TCL. Journal of Nursing Education, 46(8), 89-96. Burckhalter, T. S. (February 2009). Beaufort’s best nursing students. Nurse Educator, 53 , 46-65. McPheron, S. (2009). Mapping families. Imprint, 23(4), 14-27. Merwin, D. M. Sapp, M. P. (2008). Where to find happiness. Journal of Divine Meditation, 38(5), 35-42. Simmons, A. (2007). Frustrations in nursing education. In M. Sapp (Ed. ), Success for nursing students (pp. 13-29). Beaufort, SC: Technical College of the Lowcountry. Slyh, K. P, Merwin, D. M. , Sapp, M. L. , Bible, C. W. , Slachta, P. A. , Simmons, A. W. (2007). What nursing students want. Journal of American Community Colleges, 26(3), 32-46. Nursing Faculty. Technical College of the Lowcountry nursing student handbook (2008). Beaufort, SC: Author. Thomas, C. L. (Ed. ). (2008). Taber’s cyclopedic medical dictionary (21st ed. ). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis. APA SNIPPETS AND STYLE WRITING PAGE * MERGEFORMAT 7 PAGE Apa Snippets and Style Writing Pointers to Help Tcl Nursing The abstract should be one paragraph of no more than 120 words on a page by itself. Other features of an abstract include double-spacing, one inch margins without indentation, and Times Roman or Courier 12 font. APA Snippets and Style Writing Pointers to Help TCL Nursing Students Write Excellent Papers The aim of this article is to discuss the varieties of pain assessments, and to determine under which circumstances each assessment is most appropriate. Pain is rated differently by each patient, and is subjective to many factors in the patient’s life, including but not limited to culture and past experiences with pain. Since pain may have an effect on all aspects of a patient’s life, healthcare providers must strive to most properly identify the amount of pain in order to properly control it. Symptoms such as â€Å"crying, elected temperature, facial grimacing, groaning, moaning, guarding of the affected area, loss of sleep, nausea, vomiting, restlessness, rise in blood pressure, rise in respiratory rate, and tachycardia† are typical indicators that a patient is in pain; but how much pain? Healthcare providers, namely nurses, use a system of scales and work with the patient to rate their pain. Nurses must be aware of the different pain rating scales available in order to most accurately assess a patient’s pain level. A nurse must not only be able to determine which pain scale is most appropriate for the patient to identify and express his or her pain level, but also be able to carefully interpret and evaluate the scores. For example, the pain scale that is appropriate for a fully functioning adult will differ from one that is appropriate for a child and differ from one that is appropriate for a patient affected by dementia, etc. A variety of unidimensional scales quantify the intensity of the pain and are more simple; while multidimensional scales do so plus identify the pain quality, uration, and any relieving factors, and are more complex. If time permits, a nurse may choose to use a combination of pain assessments in order to be as thorough as possible. Nurses can implement the use of a variety of pain assessments reviewed in this article into their patient’s shift assessment. A nurse may choose to use a more complex, thorough multidimensional scale upon his or her patient’s admi ssion assessment, and then use a more simple, quick unidimensional scale upon his or her patient’s regularly scheduled shift assessments. Regardless of the type of scale being used, a nurse must always use â€Å"effective and sensitive communication with the patient to assist in expressions of pain. † Nurses must listen to their patient and accurately document their patient’s subjective descriptions of the pain. Also, nurses should allow their patients ample amount of time to respond to their questions, which should also be open-ended questions. After the doctor has reviewed the pain assessment and ordered meds, the â€Å"effects of analgesia should be monitored closely and recorded in nursing notes to maintain continuity of patient care. In conclusion, nurses should assess the patient’s abilities, then choose and tailor the pain assessment to the patient’s needs. Assessments are of immeasurable importance as they have a direct effect on the patient’s quality of life. The more extensive of knowledge a nurse has of the plethora of pain assessments to choose from, the more he or she ca n also select the most appropriate pain scale per the patient, which in turn will have the greatest impact on the patient’s progress. Resources In the text, cite resources used to prepare the paper. Cite references in parentheses at the end of the sentence, but before the period (Burckhalter, 2009). Give the author’s last name, a comma, and year of publication. When citing the same resource several times in the same paragraph, it is necessary to cite the author every time but the year only once (Burckhalter). Cite a page number only for quotes. For works by two authors, name both every time and use an ampersand (Merwin Sapp, 2008). For works with three to five authors, name all in the first citation (Bible, Simmons, Beasley, 2009). In later citations, cite only the first author’s name and the term et al. nd the year. For works of six or more authors, cite only the first author’s surname followed by et al. and year in the text, but identify all the authors in the reference list (Slyh et. al, 2007). When a group or organization is the author, cite the group’s name followed by the year (TCL Nursing Faculty, 2008). References Cite all resources used in the text. For the reference list, center the word â€Å"References† at the top of the last page. Double space the entries and indent all lines, except the first line of each entry, five to seven spaces. Alphabetize the list by the authors’ surnames. Include only the initials and last name of authors, not full names or professional initials. Examples of citations are in the sample reference list with this paper. Note the examples of punctuation and capitalization. Journal citations capitalize only the first word of the article title. All major words in the title of the journal are capitalized. The name of the journal and the journal volume are italicized, but the issue and page numbers are not italicized. For books, the reference citation begins with the author or authors, followed by the date of publication. Only the first word of a book title is capitalized. Book titles are italicized. The publisher’s location is cited by city and state, a colon, and the name of the publisher. Electronic citations use the same guidelines indicated above. Do not place a period at the end of an electronic address. Email sent from one to another should be cited as personal communication and is not included in the reference list. Information from classroom lectures are also personal communication (S. Beasley, April 14, 2009). Conclusion A paper should have a conclusion which restates the purpose of the paper, states the major points, and gives recommendations for practice and/or research. This paper has presented suggestions for helping TCL nursing students write excellent papers. A student may also consider using this document as a foundation for a paper. The margins are set correctly. References American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed. ). Washington, DC: Author. Author, C. K. (2007, September 30). Title of a journal article. Imprint, 21, 35-40. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Benton Foundation. (1998, July 7). Barriers to closing the gap. In Losing ground bit by bit: Low-income communities in the information age (chap. ). Retrieved from HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www. Benton. org/Library/Low-Income/two. html† http://www. Benton. org/Library/Low-Income/two. html Bible, C. M. , Simmons, A. W. , Beasley, S. G. (2009). Summer events at TCL. Journal of Nursing Education, 46(8), 89-96. Burckhalter, T. S. (February 2009). Beaufort’s best nursing students. Nurse Educator, 53 , 46-65. McPheron, S. (2009). Mapping families. Imprint, 23(4), 14-27. Merwin, D. M. Sapp, M. P. (2008). Where to find happiness. Journal of Divine Meditation, 38(5), 35-42. Simmons, A. (2007). Frustrations in nursing education. In M. Sapp (Ed. ), Success for nursing students (pp. 13-29). Beaufort, SC: Technical College of the Lowcountry. Slyh, K. P, Merwin, D. M. , Sapp, M. L. , Bible, C. W. , Slachta, P. A. , Simmons, A. W. (2007). What nursing students want. Journal of American Community Colleges, 26(3), 32-46. Nursing Faculty. Technical College of the Lowcountry nursing student handbook (2008). Beaufort, SC: Author. Thomas, C. L. (Ed. ). (2008). Taber’s cyclopedic medical dictionary (21st ed. ). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis. APA SNIPPETS AND STYLE WRITING PAGE * MERGEFORMAT 7 PAGE

Is the thesis proved Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Is the thesis proved - Essay Example Trumpener specifies that chemical warfare was in existence prior to world war one and that it is not the Germans that brought into existences, but instead they proved to the world that it is a force with which to reckon. (Trumpener, 1975) This is especially with the death of allied soldiers, who died immediately, and other who were left suffering after exposure to chlorine gas that was dispersed by wind. A similar case is brought forth with the French applying canisters that only caused temporary discomfort and few fatalities, as opposed to the case of the Germans. The French chemical warfare entailed application of gas to irritate the eyes and a choking sensation while the German one focused on the elimination of the allied enemy. In addition, the lethality of the French chemical warfare was not guaranteed as it used low doses and in small volumes in dispersal as opposed to the German gas. The German’s were intent on killing all their enemies hence releasing over 150 tons of chlorine gas against allied forces (Trumpener, 1975). The claims and complaints by the allied forces against the Germans; on the unfairness of gas use proves that this was the very first encounter with poison gas on a massive scale. The use of chemical warfare came under strong criticism as it was viewed as a foul move since the Germans gained no advantage after poisoning the allied forces. In addition, following the lack of preparation by the allied forces, who were considered well equipped in the war, further proves the introduction of chemical warfare. After the war in the 1919, there was increased activity as the article shows, on the production of poison gas and other agents of chemical warfare, where there was more research on the use of chemical weapons, especially on the German side. In addition, the use of chemical gas had been prohibited in 1899 in The Hague by the peace conference, which had limited

Post-Colonial Nigeria Political History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Post-Colonial Nigeria Political History - Essay Example Consequently, Nigeria not only remained dependent of the United Kingdom several years after the winning of freedom from the latter, but also turned out to be victim of ethnic-racial and religious conflicts after obtaining the status of a sovereign state. Hence, wide-scale corruption, red-tapism, nepotism, hoarding, lawlessness, unemployment and poverty remained the most dominant challenges faced by the country during its post-colonial years till today (Ihuegbu 2002). Like all the newly liberated nations on the map of the globe, Nigeria also experienced ethnic, racial, religious, regional and class discrimination in the country, where the communities belonging to eastern, western and northern parts of the vast country appeared to be determined to dominate over other ethnic and regional communities in one way or the other. Hence, Nigeria became the prey to civil war, and remained as the crowd of people after half century of breaking the shackles of slavery, which could not be stated as a nation in the real sense of the world. A coalition alliance under the title Nigerian People’s Congress came at the helm of the governmental affairs, through elections, in order to establish a conservative Islamic political system in the country. Since both Christian and Muslim communities are in majority in the country, the prominent leader of Christian-dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) Nnamdi Azikiwe (1904-1996) was nominated to be the first Governor General of Nigeria, who belonged to the majority Igbo ethnic group of Nigeria (Rustad 2008). Since the northern Yoruba community, having significant proportion in the national population, was not invited to participate in national affairs, they chose to form opposition alliance Action Group under the leadership of Obafemi Awolowo. Somehow, the differences among the Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo ethnic tribes turned into political rivalries, where all these regional groups were determined to obtain politi cal supremacy in order to enforce the system of their choice subsequently. Since the unrest was in vogue in different parts of the country, where the communities were at daggers drawn in Nigeria, a plebiscite was held in 1961 in order to decide the fate of southerner and northern Cameroon, where the former voted in favor of Cameroon, while the latter decided to remain as an inevitable part of Nigeria (Rustad 2012). However, instead of introducing improvements in political structure, the country was dragged to a long-lasting bloody civil war, called Nigeria-Biafran War (1967-70), which paved the way towards the further division of the country into sects and factions causing heavy losses in men and material subsequently. The military personnel also added their share in bringing an end to the civilian government with the alleged allegations of corruption and favoritism is every area of the state. Like other third world countries of Asia and Africa, Nigeria also fell into the hands of t he military regime during early 1970s, which ended in 1979, resulting in the ruination of the social and economic fabrics of the country. The military ruler General Obasanjo assured the peaceful transfer of power to the elected civilian leader Shehu Shagari.  

Reign of Terror in the French Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Reign of Terror in the French Revolution - Essay Example The Reign of Terror was the piece de resistance of the French Revolution (1789-1799) and shook the whole of Europe especially Europe's surrounding monarchies. When the haze of smoke of violence settled down, more than 40,000 Frenchmen were guillotined and more died by brutal means such as drowning i.e. 3,500 were victims of mass drowning termed as noyades in Nantes1 and death by mob lynching. The most celebrated head shown to the jeering, cheering mob belonged to Queen Marie Antoinette, the daughter of Queen Maria Theresa of Austria and the sister of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II. Earlier in that fateful year 1793, her husband, King Louis XVI was butchered via the guillotine for alleged crime of treason together with all those perceived to be "enemies of the revolution". The latter were either guillotined or mass executed by firing squad without due process of law2 . Most of the victims were those from The Reign of Terror was also marked by dechristianization as Christianity was banned temporarily, a result of massive sentiment by the 'enragees' or extremists3 against the clergy for its special privileges such as the the right to tax the feudal estates via the 'dime'or tithe4, its political power (it possessed a third of the voting power of the Estates General) and its possession of untaxed vast landholdings all over France. In its stead, was established the revolutionary religion termed as the Cult of Reason. Hatred against the clergy even caused the Julian calendar to be flung aside in favor of the Republican calendar.5 The Reign of Terror also saw the ascendancy to power of the common people, the peasants, the working class and the disadvantaged who were radicalized by the hunger and famine, the widespread unemployment, the excessive consumption of the royalty in the Versailles palace6, the civic inequality produced by dispensation of special privileges to the aristocracy, the burden of feudal taxation and the surging inflation that went haywire to drive them to bare subsistence. When these sans-culottes' (literally without knee breaches) aspirations were amalgamated with the Mountains' (the radical Jacobins) resolution to abolish monarchy, we had the perfect formula for an explosive group that would ignite and power a radical revolution that would be unparalleled in its cruelty and brutality. This combination jumpstarted the Reign of Terror. By wresting control of the National Convention, which previously abolished the monarchy and convicted King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette, they were ab le to engineer an extermination of all the enemies of the republic , particularly the counter-

The prevelance of obesity in children with physical disability Dissertation

The prevelance of obesity in children with physical disability - Dissertation Example Obesity is an increasing problem right across the population in western societies, but is perhaps especially a problem if overeating becomes an established habit in childhood at a time when others control what food is chosen and available to a great extent. Ells, Lang et al point to the possible links between obesity and disability. In particular they link the two in cases of muscular skeletal problems and in those with learning difficulties. This is confirmed by the findings of Stewart et al in Scotland when they surveyed ambulatory boys with intellectual disabilities, which often occurs in those with cerebral palsy and Down’s syndrome. According to Clinton Smith there is considerable evidence which indicates that if children with particular risk factors can be identified and the correct action subsequently taken then the situation can be improved. What is clear is that excess body weight in children, whatever their physical condition, presents a significant risk factor for m any conditions that may occur in later life. These include heart attacks, cerebral vascular accidents, diabetes, cancer, disease of the gallbladder disease and arthritis. According to the American Department of Disability and Human Development. ( 2007) there is evidence that the conditions which lead ultimately to conditions such to stroke and heart disease most often have their origins in childhood, where they manifest themselves as high blood pressure or levels of cholesterol which are higher than the norm. For these reasons, no matter what a child’s physical ability levels or inclinations it is important for children to lead as a physically active a lifestyle as possible. Obesity results when a person's calorie intake regularly exceeds their energy needs for such bodily functions as metabolism, the thermal effect of the food consumed , the person’s physical activity level and capabilities and their growth. The majority of energy obtained from food ( roughly 60%) is required for normal metabolic activity. Physical activities require another 25% , the thermal effect of food digested uses 10% and growth requires some 5%.(Spina Bifida Association 2009) Just as eating less than the body requires leads to weight reduction so eating more than required will lead to weight gain. Obesity is therefore more likely than usual to occur in those with restricted mobility, low metabolic levels and who are of restricted growth. In the U.S.A., according to Rogozinski, ( 2007) more than 17% of American children are obese. Parents naturally want to please their children and to care for them. It is when this becomes distorted into bad eating habits that obesity emerges. Also, once established as a habit, it can

Ethical Issues currently found in Education Research Paper

Ethical Issues currently found in Education - Research Paper Example Sexual misconduct in a school setting is a broad subject and basically defines unwelcome or unwanted sexual advances from teachers, lecturers, and administrators working in the school. In all educational institutions, the association between students and their teachers is central to the educational mission of the school’s administration. Various educational establishments have rules that stipulate that there should be no non-academic ties between students and teachers because they can affect the basic integrity of the academic relationship between students and teachers. Sexual relationships between students and teachers, even when they are consensual, tend to adversely affect both the student and teacher involved. The prohibition of sexual relationships in a school setting usually extends to include all people working within a school. For example, sexual relationships involving other workers in the school or between teachers are also prohibited. Moreover, the issue of sexual r elationships between teachers and students is what carries greater weight in public forums because it involves people who are empowered and people who are not empowered. There is a greater likelihood of teachers or lecturers taking advantage of their exalted positions within a school setting to procure sexual favors from less empowered students than the other way around. In addition, when there are sexual relationships between two teachers or other administration members, the relationships tends to have equal consequences for both parties- which is not the case for student-teacher sexual relationships. Many educational experts have stated that even when the student gives his or her consent to having a sexual relationship with the teacher involved, this is still a type of sexual harassment. This is because the relationship between the student and teachers can never be equal. Even if the student involved imagines that he or she is making an independent decision, this is just not the r eality. One of the reasons why many cases of sexual associations between teachers and students are not reported is because the student may not mention it to any adult. Usually, such stories are revealed when a student finds a reason to continue about the relationship. Educational institutions strive to protect their students from teachers who may threaten students with low marks or the possibility of failing examinations unless they provide sexual favors. Sexual relationships between students and teachers do not only affect the people involved in them. For example, if a teacher with a class of 50 students is having a relationship with one of his female students, the other students are likely to start resenting the female student in question because she may be the beneficiary of more favors than she is entitled to in an academic sense. The male students are particularly affected by this type of association because they tend to feel that there is nothing that they can do to be able to compete on the same level as the girls in the class; some of whom may choose to avail themselves to the teacher to get high marks. In the past, there were many societies in which sexual relationsh

Analyzing the Ways the Media Represent the American Economy Essay

Analyzing the Ways the Media Represent the American Economy - Essay Example This is even worsened by the declaration that "central bankers grappled with the growing uncertainty about which direction the economy is headed" (3). The second article expresses the gloomy projection of the International Monetary Fund when it cuts its forecast for economic growth in the United States this year to 2.2 percent (IMF Cuts 1). It can be recalled that during 2006, the nation's economy grew by 3.3 percent (3). The slowdown is attributed to the expected weak performance of the nation's housing market. It is projected that this deceleration will cause the United States to lag behind other economic giants including Britain, Canada, and Japan. This will be the first time that US will not lead the Group of Seven nations in terms of economic growth (6). Generally, the media portrays the American economy in a downslide. The nation's struggle in keeping its inflation stable and sustain economic growth appears to be in vain. It should be noted that the media uses a rather pessimistic tone in describing the US economy. Downbeat news article titles like "Greenspan: Recession 'possible' by end of year" and "The American Economy is Destroying Itself" loudly communicates the media's pessimism coupled with some sensationalism.

Time Traveling, Art Historian Book Chapters Essay

Time Traveling, Art Historian Book Chapters - Essay Example As I step into the machine, I think of the periods of time and the great works that will be there when I arrive. I took the greatest care in detail, the clothing prepared, my language skills perfectly honed to a time and place, as well as history can inform me, although I am sure things will not be fully as I expect them to be once I arrive. I sit into the contraption, its cold steel lying under its camouflage, an exterior that seems to be a wooden platform with a structure around it, resembling something of a small shack to be set down in out of the way alleys, calculated to exist, or within outlying avenues that support the nature of such a building. The shack would fool anyone who looked at it, its nature defined by its purpose. I step into the machine, the slight hum filling my ears and buzzing my senses as it begins to move through time. I have set the dials under the panel so that I will appear where I desire, and then stand in the center, closing my eyes because the feeling of moving through time disturbs my sight, a detail that most others do not feel when they are given the privilege of using the machine. I cannot wait to see this place, the time and moment that I have decided to enter Rome, her majesty impressive in the present, which will most likely impress me more in its past. My eyes shut, I let the hum move over me until it stills, and I assume that I have entered the right space and time, the slight strange clunk as I appear affirming the very human need for noise, something to announce to the rider that he or she has arrived. The sound, very much like the clicks on a computer as one touches the button, the noise created just to appease the user. Chapter One The Sistine Chapel I cautiously open the door, seeing that I have arrived in the alley as I expected, stepping out of the machine, I see that it looks very naturally, like a makeshift shack that was erected to temporarily house someone of no means from bits and scraps. I can see that it is n ot, but most people who would not know that it was there, would not think anything, or at least much, about its presence. As I take a breath, it feels like for a moment it is knocked from me as quickly as I breath in, the scent of the city foreign, both lacking something and feeling something added, my hand automatically coming up to cover my mouth as I try to adjust to the odor. The lack of automobiles assaults my senses as I draw in a breath, feeling it catch from its foreign taste as it hits the back of my throat. It takes a few minutes for me to be able to breath more easily, which then leads me to feel the discomfort of my clothing, heavy and cumbersome now that I am out of the air conditioned lab and in the air of the year 1511. As I step into the streets of Rome, I realize that more than just time changes from period to period. The air, the feel of the sun as it beats down to a still protected earth, the ozone layer still intact and providing filtration, all make a difference in the taste of life during that time period. Italy has that natural glow of amber, as if the olives have broken open and become airborne, and this is heavier and more beautiful than I have ever experienced in modern day Rome. I ache to see the countryside and experience its beauty, pure and whole before technology stripped it of its beauty, but I have a task that I must accomplish. I must see the Sistine Chapel before it was the Sistine Chapel and still the reconstructed Capella Magna, letting my eyes rest upon the newly painted

Weekly Video Analysis Report Essay Example for Free

Weekly Video Analysis Report Essay 1. Issue: Jack have a good plan for the implementation of the ASRS, but poor planning. To implement the system they are going to have to use IT and bandwidth personnel who are already involved in other projects and obviously have not been informed. 2. Issue: Customers are having to go through a long process in order to have direct communication with Customers Service Representatives. They are having to pick from a long list of choices and to long of a wait listening to recordings after recording, when they finally get to talk to a person, they are having to wait even more to get their questions answered and get information regarding the process, address and other issues with purchase returns. 3. Issue: Customers are having to call to get information on how, where, and what they need to do in order to return a product they purchased. 4. Issue: CanGo has an issue with the way their web site is designed. They are losing customers and the ones who are browsing are not buying, which seem to be the same problem other sites are having. 5. Issue: Nick whom is a Senior Staff Member is employed by CanGo as a swing operator in the shipping, expediting, and marketing departments. He has a degree from City College in New York, although it is reported that Nick led the company in sales during CanGo’s last quarter, Nick is always confused about everything. He’s not organized, can’t seem to keep information where  it can be found, and don’t seem to take his job seriously. 6. Issue: Conservative on the expected improvement numbers; process flow chart nowhere near being done, the â€Å"buck† was being passed as to who had the flow chart; peer Pressure used by VALS2tm to sell more product; current campaign seem to work with a market in a different country 1. Recommendation: Jack need to submit a requisition for implementation of the plan to CanGo’s Board of Directors and request a meeting with all the staff from IT and bandwidth before deciding on having them work on the system. Everyone involved in the project has to be able and willing to participate. Jack also have to make sure that the company will be willing to set a budget for the system. 2. Recommendation: The system needs to be updated to make it easy for customers to make immediate connection with Customers Service. There need be no more than three choices given by the recording. a. Choose 1 if you need to speak directly to a Customers Service Representative. b. Choose 2 if you are calling to check on your order. c. Choose 3 if you are willing to complete a short survey. 3. Recommendation: Each package should include instructions as to how, where, how much time the customer has to return any items purchase, requirements for returns (CD preciously opened cannot be returned) addressed pre labeled tags, Customers Service telephone number and option number they need to pick for faster service. 4. Recommendations: CanGo need to re-design the web site to appeal to the type of customers who are most interested in the type of products they offer. They need to reach customers and request their input. The use of surveys would benefit them to gain this information. Once again making, it a simpler way for the customers to communicate with Customers Service, including satisfaction surveys with each product they ship and offering their customers the choice to log in and completed on line satisfaction  input may also be a good way of getting their customers feedback. 5. Recommendation: CanGo’s management need to have council with Nick and perhaps have him take an organizational training. CanGo need to reevaluate Nick’s performance. If Nick is not held responsible for not keeping deadlines, CanGo will lose time and money if this issue is not resolved. 6. Recommendation: When calculating the improvement numbers, one may want to add between 10-20% onto the numbers. This way if you come in under on the budget end, but up on the ROI and profits, you look good by management. Now if you remain conservative you are more likely to be over on a number of your predictions. When the manager wanted to see the flow chart, the employee’s should own up to the fact that they don’t have it and don’t know exactly where it is at. Thankfully Debbie was on top of everything within the flow chart. References Week 3 Introductory Video: Managing episode: Choosing a Strategy Assistant Operations Manager Debbie, Discussion Notes on the Customers Service Process. Episode Understanding Customers Behavior.

Mirror Neurons Essay Example for Free

Mirror Neurons Essay The sight of a strangers foot getting hammered induces an instant surge of sympathy within us. Watching a friend nauseate after eating something repulsive quickly causes our own stomachs to turn. This ability to understand and relate to another individuals internal state has provided great motivation for research. One source of explanation arose from research on mirror neurons-which fire both during execution and observation of a behaviour (Rizzollati Arbib, 1998). This particular class of neurons plays a crucial function in human social interactions. The importance of the mirror neuron system (MNS) for communication can be understood through its influence on nonverbal communication including facial expressions and hand gestures and verbal language. Furthermore, disorders affecting human communication-such as autism and schizophrenia-convey the impression of stemming from a malfunctioning MNS. Generally, human social interaction involves both verbal and nonverbal forms of communication. Obvious examples of nonverbal communication are facial expressions and hand gestures. A recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study by Montgomery and Haxby (2008) found evidence supporting the claim that the MNS contains distinct representations for facial expressions and hand gestures. Particularly, this study examined the inferior parietal lobule and the frontal operculum as the potential MNS brain regions involved in nonverbal communication. Further evidence comes from another fMRI study by Montgomery, Isenberg and Haxby (2007)-which demonstrated the activation of the MNS during hand movements used to manipulate objects and hand gestures used to communicate. A third fMRI study by Van, Minderaa and Keysers (2007) highlighted similar results by examining other putative MNS brain regions-inferior frontal gyrus, posterior parietal cortex, insula and amygdala-thought to be associated with facial expressions. Activity spontaneously increased in the MNS of participants that produced and observed certain facial expressions (Van et al., 2007). A study by Enticott, Johnston, Herring, Hoy, and Fitzgerald (2008) demonstrated an associations between mirror neurons and facial emotion processing. Instead of using fMRI as a method of analysis, Enticott and colleagues (2008) used the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) technique. In brief, much evidence supporting the involvement of the MNS in the processes of facial expression and hand gesture exists. Such forms of communication form the basis for the later, more complex, verbal language development. Taking this thought further, verbal language also seems to be linked to the MNS. Firstly, Rizzollati et al. (1998) marked the discovery of mirror neurons in the F5 area within the monkeys’ frontal cortex. This primate-specific F5 area has been considered to be the homolog of the human Broca’s area, which is a region crucial for language (Rizzollati et al., 1998). With this in mind, Horwitz et al. (2003) demonstrated that both spoken and signed language are associated with mirror neurons firing in Broca’s area as a result of the production of language. In addition, an fMRI study by Aziz-Zadeh, Wilson, Rizzollati, and Lacoboni (2006) made evident that the MNS of the premotor cortex is activated both when participants observed mouth, hand and foot movements and when participants read phrases related to these body parts. Overall, these findings suggest that indeed the MNS influences verbal language. Moreover, another way of understanding the importance of the mirror neurons’ influence on human social interaction is by considering the consequences of a malfunctioning system. Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by social and language impairments. In other words, individuals with autism tend to be less interactive when it comes to communicating with others. Part of the MNS-the posterior inferior frontal and rostral inferior parietal areas are affiliated with social behaviour and imitative learning; however these areas have deficits in autistic individuals (Locoboni Mazziotta, 2007). In one study individuals with autism spectrum disorder showed significantly different electroencephalography (EEG) recordings of mirror neurons compared to a control group consisting of healthy individuals (Oberman, Hubbard, McCleery, Altschular, Ramachandran, Pineda, 2005). Similarly, schizophrenia is another disorder characterized by deficits in social communication, especially of the nonverbal type. Research by Kato Y., Muramatsu, Kato M., Shibukawa, Shintani, and Mimura (2011) using magnetoencephalography recordings on the right inferior parietal cortex showed atypical mirror neuron activity in non-treated schizophrenia patients. Likewise, similar results were found in a study that tested mirror neuron activity using TMS,; it was demonstrated that during action observation a reduction in motor facilitation occurs in schizophrenia patients (Enticott, Hoy, Herring, Johnston, Daskalakis, Fitgerald, 2008). Clearly, communication impairments observed in individuals with autism and schizophrenia are influenced by the MNS. In conclusion, human social interaction is influenced by mirror neurons. Evidence supports this statement through research done on the involvement of the MNS in nonverbal communication, including facial expressions and hand gestures and verbal language. Research has also suggested that an impaired MNS negatively affects social interaction, which is exemplified in the cases of autism and schizophrenia. Taken as a whole, combining mirror neurons’ role in imitative behaviour and social interaction-the process through which humans possibly acquire new social knowledge becomes evident. Additionally, the presence of mirror neurons in primates as well as humans provide evidence for the development of social interaction over the course of evolution. Thus, in order to further strengthen their existing relationship, future research should examine the co-evolution of mirror neurons and social interaction.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT: The Channel tunnel

PROJECT MANAGEMENT: The Channel tunnel INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT MANAGEMENT Project management is the planning, organizing and managing of tasks and resources to accomplish a defined objective, usually with constraints on time and cost. Most projects, whether they are large and complex or small and simple, can be planned by breaking the project into small, easily manageable tasks, scheduling the tasks, and then tracking the tasks as work progresses. Project management helps you answer questions such as: What is to be done? Who will complete the task? When must it be done? How much will it cost? What happens if work isnt completed on time? Planning the project and creating a schedule This includes defining the tasks and their duration, setting up relationships between tasks, and, if you are tracking resource usage, assigning resources. All later phases of the project are based directly on the information you provide when you first plan your project. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Managing changes This is an ongoing process that begins once you create a schedule and the project starts, and ends when the project is complete. It includes tracking and adjusting your schedule to reflect changes that occur as the project progresses. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Communicating project information This is a very important process that involves communicating project information to clients, project staff, and management. Project management software is productivity software that will assist you in each of these steps. Many professionals find it is among the most productive tools in their skill set. In todays business it is in the best interest of companies to have project managers. Common sense isnt always usually accomplished. For anyone whos ever worked on a project in a technical setting knows this. Indeed, much of working with others consists of solving unexpected problems and learning from mistakes along the way. Knowing this and having the proper tools a project manager will be able to manage and complete the most intense project out there. It seems that people time and again have the wrong impression of what a project manager does. It is not about being able to create a compound plan to hang on the wall. It is not about setting up conference after conference. This is about understanding a big business objective, understanding the technology involved, being able to communicate at an assortment of levels, being able to encourage and direct people, being able to handle the constant worry and troubles, and being structured enough to make certain the whole thing that needs to get completed, gets completed. What this comes down to is a project manager should be able to meet or exceed all of the stakeholders expectations. The project manager also must be able to get others to work with limited authority throughout the duration. Doing most of the work yourself is a poor long-term development strategy and will never solve the problem. In every project there are always some universal characteristics that will be shared. They all have a comprehensible and established purpose and very distinct life durations. Overall, all projects are doing something that may possibly be new or yet a onetime endeavor but have explicit requirements which include; time, price, and performance. Project management deals with tools, people, and systems. (Lewis) The first project of this module is to do a group poster presentation. We have limited time to carry out research and we were worn off by the intensive lectures. This is where I found out how time management and team work play as important elements for success. We distributed the workload among ourselves and set a time frame for completion. Group members were to adhere to the time frame stipulated. This is how we manage to complete a simple presentation, with many hidden hard work behind our success. A project manager should have certain qualities in order to successfully execute a project and then run them successfully for the project to be a hit in the market. A project manager should have certain attribute for successful in a project and they are Monitoring and Controlling: Project manger always monitors the work done by his team members and has control over the entire project. They also have to make sure about the budget estimated at the beginning of the project. Self-esteem: Project manager should always motivate his team members to do their work sincerely and help by supporting each and every one at the work. Leadership skills: Project Manager should have leadership qualities to manage the team. Project closure The final objective is project closure which includes verifying that all of the work has been accomplished, check the Contractual closure of the contract, financial closure of the charge numbers and finally administrative closure of the paperwork. Successful project management can then be defined as having achieved the project objectives. Project management has evolved to plan, co-ordinate and control the complex and diverse activities of modern industrial, commercial and management change and IT projects (Lock 2009). Channel Tunnel: Introduction The Channel tunnel project undertaken to create a connection between England and France via underground tunnel, presents one of the largest privately funded construction projects ever under taken. It required the cooperation of two national governments, bankers underwriting the funding for the projects, numerous contractors and several regular agencies. The construction and engineering of the tunnel required the use of new technology and required significant modifications during the project due to unexpected conditions and changes required by various parties. This case study demonstrates the numerous factors which played during the course of the project that has significant effects on the overall course of the project. At the end Caunnel project was completed, but it was late and over budgeted. The promotion of and investment in the Channel Tunnel was a challenging multinational affair drawing in institutions from several countries. In this paper, I concentrate on the promotion of the abortive tunnel project of 1957-1975 and the ultimately successful venture a decade later, focusing on governments and companies in Britain, France, the United States, and Japan. I identify the management and sharing of risk as the critical elements in the Tunnels political economy. Here, the difficulties produced by the quadripartite quilt of negotiations involving two governments (Britain and France) and two tunnel companies are at center stage, though I also argue that American involvement was important in the first project, and Japanese financial support was critical in the second. The debates concerned the type of crossing, questions of ownership versus licensing and regulation, and the importance of making public investment in related and supporting infrastructure. The Channel Tunnel has significance as a prototype of public-private partnership in Britain, and I draw lessons from the experience, referring in particular to the challenges presented by the infrastructure project circle.The paper draws on material assembled for Terry Gourvish, The Official History of the Channel Tunnel (London, 2006). It all started in 1802 when French forward a proposal to tunnel under the English Channel, which would be illuminated using oil lamps, horse-drawn coaches for transportation and also an artificial mid-channel foe changing horses. But, the project was delayed for a very long period In 1955 both British and French governments supported surveys and in 1974, a government-funded the twin tunnel project with car shuttle wagons. Later in 1975 British government had no interest in funding the project so they had no objection for a privately funded project. And hence the project was given into the hands of the private companies. On 2 july 1985, both French and British formed a group Channel Tunnel Group/France. The design and construction was done by this company as the project was undertaken by private companies. The Chunnel Tunnel is a build -own- operate- transfer project with a concession. And the British and French governments will hold the control on final engineering and safety decisions, now those were in the hands of Channel Tunnel Safety Authority. Eleven tunnel boring machines, which were working from both the sides of the tunnel cut through two rail tunnels and the service tunnel, this started in 1988, and 1994 operating of the tunnel began. And it was estimated that the cost of the construction was  £4.650 billon.15000 people were employed with daily expenditure over  £3 million. And ten workers were killed during the construction process. The Eurotunnel completed tunnel boring on time, hence the tunnel was finally opened officially by British Queen Elizabeth II and French President Francois Mitterand in a ceremony held in Calais on 6th may 1994. The Chunnel Tunnel also known as (French: Chunnel tunnel source ls manche) is a 50.5-Kilometer undersea rail tunnel linking Folk stone, Kent near Dover in the United Kingdom with coquilles, Pas-de-Calais near Calais in northern France. At its lowest point, it is 75 meters (250 ft) deep 1802 Channel tunnel proposal was brought across by Albert Mathieu 1875 The beginning of Channel Tunnel Company Ltd 1882 Abbots Cliff had reached 897 yards (820 m) and Shakespeare Cliff was 2,040 yards (1,870 m) in length. January 1975 British-French government stopped there backed scheme support in 1974 February 1986 They proceeded the project with the permission of Treaty of Canterbury June 1988 In France the First tunneling was started December 1988 Tunneling operation was started in UK December 1990 Broke down of the service tunnel under the Channel May 1994 The formal inauguration by The Queen and President(French) Mid 1994 Passenger and Cargos started using the trains November 1996 Due to fire there was huge damage in the tunnel November 2007 After the renovation the tunnel was re opened for the public. Fig. SOME IMPORTANT DATES. Challenges: Communication Gap Communication plays a very vital role in a project, not only for the project managers but also for the rest of the team members. This is one of the factors driving a project to success or failure. England and France are the two groups of people who were working together and there were communication gap between two teams, which leads to major delay of the project. Planning There was no proper planning for this project as this was the first project towards Chunnel, none of them were aware how to go about it and what are the different kinds of challenges they will come across during this project and they were unable to project on anything. In every stage they use to come up with different problems and that use to take time this use to reflect time factors and because of this budget use to go high. Strengths Technically strongly built, hence a successful Quality Management implemented. Back office support was excellent. Good team work between two groups. A winning proposal under build owner transfer granted to CTG and overall quality of work impressive, work place accident rates were below the industrial average and implementation of effective change management. Weakness Time delay and over budget, project was not well planned, poor change management, risk management was not in place, change in design resulted in project delay, litigation and claims was high in the project, lack of team work and communication, financial model optimistic resulted in cost increase, scope was not well defined and rolling stock and specifications were not the same between British and French. Lessons to be learnt: Due to proper planning there was delay at work provide adequate defined scope and a well planned changed management system, the sound risk management technique and adequate planning and research techniques to be put in place. Good coordination between two governments and try minimizing the litigation and claims by brining proper planning in place. We had a great time doing this project. The time and money spent on Channel tunnel inspired all team members to take a trip through the Euro-France Eurotunnel. While preparing a poster me and other team memebers got an oppurtunity to watch a documentary video on Euro tunnel filmed by Discovery channel. Project management theories of team leadership was a big lesson I got to learn while doing this poster. One of the team members took control when the team dynamism was coming to a stand still. Watching him giving direction to team and motivating various team members to perform was when I understood leadership roles. I played a role of organiser in the team. I took responsibility to keep track of every ones effort in the team. I also passed on their work done to every other team member, and acknowledged that member. Presentation skills was of most importance in poster making as we were not allowed to explain the posters, whereas the posters had to speak for themselves. All the team had to put their thinking caps on and rack brains to come with a good presentation idea. At first we planned to put everything we had into the poster but later realised that would over crowd the poster. Hence then we sorted the data we had and then easened our poster with a partitioned look and a title in the middle. Project Life Cycle As can been seen in the methodology lifecycle graph shown in the poster and also attached in the appendix, our poster making task was a smooth run. Our module leader Michael Snelgrove assigned our team Jaguar with Chunnel Tunnel case study. To make a poster on Chunnel Tunnel project case study wasnt a easy task. I joined the team later hence in the second week the team introduced me to the case study and we all decided to meet again with highlighted essentials. The week after we all discussed and distributed essential task amongst ourselves every Niaz introduced us to the title Everything Comes Down To Money as in the Chunnel Tunnel project the blotted budget was the big issue. Everyone agreed with the title and started with further data collection, Niloy one of the team members gave me the sources for study materials and there on we finalized the total data and content to be presented in the poster. We discussed reaming time cost of printing, specification of poster and risk of show ing some required data on the poster. Every one confirmed their acceptance towards work submitted by each team member. The printing cost of the poster were one of the issues in one of the data meetings but the module leader Michael Snelgrove solved the problem by taking responsibility for poster printing costs, as we were nearing the data submission we discussed our work with the module leader and requested for suggestions to improve the poster then more amendment tasks were distributed among ourselves we then finally sat together and finalized the poster. Analysis and Communications were the major skills we used for the successful completion of the given task. We received positive comments on the judgment day of poster except for our criticism on showing the Hitlers photograph in the poster. Conclusion After doing the poster makings the group has a whole understood that no previous experience and hidden technical costs resulted in late compellation of the project with the bloated budget.

Insanity and the Necessity of Madness in King Lear Essay -- King Lear

The Necessity of Madness in King Lear At the beginning of â€Å"King Lear,† an authoritative and willful protagonist dominates his court, making a fateful decision by rewarding his two treacherous daughters and banishing his faithful one in an effort to preserve his own pride. However, it becomes evident during the course of the tragedy that this protagonist, Lear, uses his power only as a means of projecting a persona, which he hides behind as he struggles to maintain confidence in himself. This poses a problem, since the audience is prevented from feeling sympathy for the king. Shakespeare’s ironic solution is to allow Lear’s progressing madness to be paired with his recognition of truth, thereby forcing Lear to shed his persona, and simultaneously persuading the audience that Lear is worthy of pity. Lear is initially consumed by what Burton would refer to as the human appetite,[1] and exhibits traits indicative of someone dominated by the choleric humor: he is prideful, yearns for authority, and bullies others when he doesn’t get his way. After Cordelia refuses to dote on him in the first scene, he goes into a fit of rage: Let it be so; the truth then be thy dower†¦ Here I disclaim all my paternal care, Propinquity and property of blood, And as a stranger to my heart and me Hold thee from this for ever. (I, i, 110-118) [2] Lear’s fury, however, only masks the fact that he is really a very needy person, consumed by an insatiable appetite for power and attention. As Bloom says, â€Å"Lear always demands more love than can be given.†[3] Lear proves this to be true when he repeatedly rejects those who love him most, banishing both Cordelia and Kent, who would protect him from his other two daughters’ impending betrayal. D... ...say (Trans.). The Republic of Plato: The Wisdom of Socrates as Recounted by His Pupil Plato. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1957. p.171. 6-Bloom, p. 482. 7-James Hutton (Trans.). Aristotle’s Poetics. New York: Norton & Company, Inc., 1982. p. 51. 8- Bruccoli, Clark, Layman â€Å"Aristotle,† in Bood, (ed.). Dictionary of Literary Biography: Ancient Greek Authors. Vol. 176 (1997), pp. 55-76. 9-Wilson Knight. â€Å"The Lear Universe† in The Wheel of Fire. London: Oxford University Press, 1930. p. 201 10- A.C. Bradley. Shakespearean Tragedy. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1961. p. 239. 11- Knight, p. 203. 12-William Shakespeare. As You Like It. New York: Signet Classic, 1998. p. 44. 13- T.S. Eliot. â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.† The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Vol. II (New York, WW.Norton, 19860. pp. 2174 ff. 14-Bradley, p. 242.

The Importance of Dialect and Names in Kate Chopins The Storm :: Chopin Storm Essays

The Importance of Dialect and Names in The Storm    Kate Chopin is able to put life into her characters in her short story The Storm because she has lived a life similar to that of the people in it.   She was raised by her French Creole mother, which explains her ties to Creole in her story.   She married a wealth New Orleans cotton broker and in 1888 he died.   She was left with no money and six children so she turned to writing as a means to raise them.   The characters in her story depict life in the Cajun area of America and it shows in the nature of their ways.   She does this by giving them real characteristics that can make them seem more real.   Among these characteristics are their names and their dialect.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Chopin's use of Creole names in her story allows the reader to get a glimpse into the life of those living in French Creole areas.   Names such as Bibi and Bobinot aren t common names to most living in other parts of the country.   Because of this, readers are given a chance to read the story believing the characters to be real.   Had their names been common such at John or Eric, the story would become unreal in the sense that it would be difficult for Chopin to make the reader believe that the story takes place in a Cajun-like surrounding.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, other names in the story serve as a piece of the story setting as well.   Bibi s wife Calixta is a good example of this as is Calixta s man friend Alcee Laballiere.   Their names alone give you a sense that the story isn t set in just any area.   Though Chopin doesn t ever say where the setting of the story is, but something insignificant like the names can be used to help the reader make his or her own assumptions.   I got the sense that it was set in a Cajun area of the United States due to the French names.   Bobinot and Laballiere are unmistakably French in nature and due to the fact that Cajun areas are heavily influenced by French, Chopin made a setting without ever having to actually say it.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Another way Chopin sets the mood of the story and makes it feel more believable is by giving her characters a Cajun slang in their conversations. The Importance of Dialect and Names in Kate Chopin's The Storm :: Chopin Storm Essays The Importance of Dialect and Names in The Storm    Kate Chopin is able to put life into her characters in her short story The Storm because she has lived a life similar to that of the people in it.   She was raised by her French Creole mother, which explains her ties to Creole in her story.   She married a wealth New Orleans cotton broker and in 1888 he died.   She was left with no money and six children so she turned to writing as a means to raise them.   The characters in her story depict life in the Cajun area of America and it shows in the nature of their ways.   She does this by giving them real characteristics that can make them seem more real.   Among these characteristics are their names and their dialect.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Chopin's use of Creole names in her story allows the reader to get a glimpse into the life of those living in French Creole areas.   Names such as Bibi and Bobinot aren t common names to most living in other parts of the country.   Because of this, readers are given a chance to read the story believing the characters to be real.   Had their names been common such at John or Eric, the story would become unreal in the sense that it would be difficult for Chopin to make the reader believe that the story takes place in a Cajun-like surrounding.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, other names in the story serve as a piece of the story setting as well.   Bibi s wife Calixta is a good example of this as is Calixta s man friend Alcee Laballiere.   Their names alone give you a sense that the story isn t set in just any area.   Though Chopin doesn t ever say where the setting of the story is, but something insignificant like the names can be used to help the reader make his or her own assumptions.   I got the sense that it was set in a Cajun area of the United States due to the French names.   Bobinot and Laballiere are unmistakably French in nature and due to the fact that Cajun areas are heavily influenced by French, Chopin made a setting without ever having to actually say it.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Another way Chopin sets the mood of the story and makes it feel more believable is by giving her characters a Cajun slang in their conversations.

Should We Balance National Debt? :: Argumentative Persuasive Economics Papers

Should We Balance National Debt? The national debt is a problem that the entire country has to deal with. The questions is whether or not to balance it? Morally the answer is yes. We should not leave this burden for our children to solve. If the deficit was balanced then this country would have more money to spend on other programs such as welfare or medicare. Fifteen percent of national spending is used to pay for the current deficit. With another 15% of our budget to spend on tax-cuts or other issues this could cause an economic boom. Some say that balancing the budget is not the right thing to do. It is said that by balancing the budget at the end of the fiscal year would cause the government to raise taxes therefore slowing down the economy. Some also say that we should not balance the budget because none of the countries that have paid for the bonds will never collect the money owed. They will just let the bonds collect interest therefore we are not responsible to pay back the money. This relies on that the bond holders never collect which we do not know for sure if they won't. We need to be prepared so if the bond holders do collect we can fullfill our end of the deal and pay the money we owe. To balance the budget will take years to accomplish and a little better handling of money than we currently doing. Since the Cold War is over we no lomger need to be spending as much money on defense as we have

Pertussis caused by Pertussis toxin

B. Pertussis is a bacterium that is responsible for causing whooping cough. The symptoms and signs develop as a result of action of the Pertussis toxin on the upper respiratory tract (containing ciliated ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium). The individual develops several episodes of uncontrollable coughing. The characteristic whoop sound is heard during the cough. It develops especially when the individual is breathing in. The individual also develops fever, diarrhoea and a running nose .Before understanding the mechanism by which the toxin acts (that is a transduction mechanism), it is important that the physiology of transduction is understood. Receptors are present on the surface of a cell which helps it to communicate with its external world. Specific molecules bind with these receptors present in the external environment and are recognised by the cell. Once these molecules bind to the receptors a cascade of intracellular signals may be produced which brings about sev eral processes and actions in the cell.A number of antigens or molecules can be recognised by receptors preset on the surface of the cell, following which signals are transmitted within the cell. The lymphocyte cells can bind with and recognise several antigens (belonging to various microorganism and foreign substances). The receptors which are present on the surface of the lymphocytes are made up of complexes containing multiple proteins. Some of the antigens are capable of binding with receptors present on the surface of the lymphocyte and stimulate them to divide further or differentiate into specific effectors cells having a certain function.Some of the antigens are also capable of brining about death of degeneration of the cell. The receptors present on the two types of lymphocytes may be different from each other and are able to recognise different molecules or antigens. However, in both lymphocytes, the intracellular signal pathway is similar. Ultimately, the nucleus is activ ated and alterations occur in the genes to enable a reaction from the lymphocyte (including gene expression) . Receptors are present on the surface of the cell, where molecules bind, and the cell is able to identify the molecule that has attached.The receptor proteins are able to produce a signal once the molecule has attached to the receptor. This signal is transmitted across the plasma membrane, and brings about intracellular events. Signal transduction is a process by which signals are transformed from one form to another. The transformation of the intracellular signal ensures that the message is transmitted in a forward direction, to its destination. The signal may be transmitted to various portions of the cell and may be also get amplified. Finally, the nucleus receives the intracellular signal and the genetic transcription helps to bring about division of the cell .Most of the studies conducted currently for signal transduction were performed on animals, and only a few are con ducted on human subjects . Hence, a lot need to be studied in the field of signal transduction. In some receptors present on the surface of the cell, once antigens are bound with specific molecules, certain ion channels are opened up and an ionic gradient exists that works as an intracellular signal. In certain other cells, when the receptor combines with the molecule, a change in the protein occurs that causes the cytoplasm to get stimulated, resulting in transmission of intracellular signals.When the receptor combines with the specific molecule, a signal is transmitted that enables the receptors to cluster on the surface of the cell. This clustering results in the receptor producing a very strong signal. The exact manner in which the receptors clustering occur is still not understood. However, if the cell contacts another cell that has several copies of the MHC protein complex, they begin to recognise it and cluster around . The receptors present on the cell, usually bring about i ntracellular signals by stimulating the enzyme protein tyrosine kinase (they add phosphate group to tyrosine residues).The receptors on the cytoplasmic front contain tyrosine kinase that is usually inactive. However, when clustering occurs, they begin to stimulate each other through transphosphorlyation, which further activate the biochemical signalling molecules present in the cytoplasm. On the antigen front of the receptor, no tyrosine kinase is available and hence the cytoplasmic front combines with the tyrosine kinase present in the cytoplasm. During clustering, the enzymes are closer to each other, which help to activate the intracellular signalling mechanism.The biochemical activity of the cell is regulated by phosphorylation of the enzymes and proteins by the tyrosine kinase. Phosphorylation makes certain enzymes active, and once they are dephosphorylated (by the enzyme protein phosphatase), they become inactive. Once an enzyme is phosphorylated, new binding sites are created for the target proteins . Phospholipase C-gamma enzyme is present at the tyrosine receptor or the plasma membrane and can attach itself to phosphotryrosine. This enzyme amplifies and forwards the signal.Once tyrosine kinase gets phosphrylated, the phopholipid is broken down into 2 components, namely DAG and IP3. Many DAG and IP3 molecules are produced from single molecules of PLC-gamma, and in this way the signal gets amplified. The IP3 combines with the receptors present on the endoplasmic reticulum, causing the release of calcium ions, and thus raising the level of calcium intracellularly. The signal is maintained even when the Calcium ions are exhausted, as calcium channels present on the cell membrane are opened and the extra-cellular calcium flows in.The Calcium ion binding protein Calmodulin is also activated that controls the activity of other enzymes present in the cell. The signal is transmitted to the nucleus. DAG on the other hand activates the enzyme Protein kinase C. T hey may act in several mechanisms to finally ensure that the signal has reached the nucleus . Calmodulin also controls the activity of the enzyme adenylate cyclase produced by the human cell GTP-proteins help to transmit the signal from the tyrosine kinase receptors to the nucleus. Ras is the most common type of GTP-proteins.It may be activated once the molecule comes in contact with the receptor. Ras can be bound to GTP or GDP. The GDP form of Ras is inactive compared to the GTP. This inter-conversion is brought about by the enzyme Ras-GTPase. Usually, the GTP-proteins are present in an inactive form and are activated once the specific molecule comes in contact with the receptor. GDP can also be converted to GTP by GEF’s. Activation of GTP-proteins leads to activation of several protein kinases (known as ‘MAP-kinase’). MAP-kinase can bring about phophrylation and activation of nucleus transcription .B. Pertussis sticks to the cell with the help of â€Å"filamen tous hemagglutinin† (FHA). The Pertussis Toxin also helps to bind the bacterial cell to the host cell. During the colonization of the bacteria, the toxin plays a very important role in invasion . The substance Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) produced by B. Pertussis combines with the receptor integrin present on the plasma membrane. This in turn stimulates increased binding of another portion of FHA with another receptor present on the plasma membrane known as ‘complement receptor-3’ (CR-3).In this way as the binding of the B. Pertussis antigen is increased with the receptors present on the plasma membrane, the signal produced is strong . The Pertussis Toxin mainly helps the bacterial cell to attach itself to the epithelium of the trachea. The Pertussis toxin is made up of 5 subunits (obtained through the process of gel electrophoresis), namely S-1, S-2, S-3, S-4 and S-5. In fact, the S-4 component is two in number . The subunit S-4 is present in a larger ratio co mpared to the others.The Pertussis toxin has two components namely, A-promoter (S-1) which brings about the toxin enzymatic activity, and B-oligomer (S-2, S-3, S-4 and S-5), which helps the toxin to bind to the receptor present on the plasma membrane. The Pertussis toxin produces several physiological effects including rise in the lymphocyte count, activating the islet cells to release greater amounts of insulin and exaggerating the effects of histamine. The physiological effects of Pertussis toxin mainly brings about it effect on the G-i component of the adenylate cyclase.The toxin works by ADP-ribosylation of G-i protein provided by the S-1 component of the toxin . Compared to normal stimuli, activation with the Pertussis toxin results in greater accumulation of the cAMP within the cells. Agents that obstruct production of cAMP are inactivated by the Pertussis toxin. When the cell is affected with Pertussis toxin and toxin acts on G-i protein, the responses to various chemotactic agents are reduced, suggesting that G-i plays a very important role in the development of immunity.Transducin is Guanine-protein present in the rods and the cones that activates cyclic AMP-selective phosphodiesterase. ADP-ribosylation of tranducin is also stimulated by Pertussis toxin . By altering the manner in which G-proteins are bound, the bacterial toxin can obstruct the signal transduction process. The toxin brings about ADP-ribosylation of certain alpha subunits of the G-protein component of adenylate cyclase namely G-i, G-o, G-t, G-gust, and G-s is not converted to G-olf. Once G-i is ribosylated, the enzyme adenylate cyclase is reduced increasing the level of cAMP .Once the levels of cAMP are raised, the function of the phagocytic cells is reduced (such as chemotaxis, engulfment, bactericidal action, etc) . The S-1 component of the Pertussis toxin is united with the B-oligomer portion in a non-covalent manner. The B-oligomer portion helps the toxin to attach to the receptor present on the plasma membrane. Without the B-oligomer portion, the S-1 component of the Pertussis toxin is unable to pass through the cell . The S-2 and the S-3 components of the Pertussis Toxin mainly help in adhesion of the cell to the host cells.Ciliated epithelial cells contain a glycolipid that helps the S-2 component to bind, whereas the phagocyctic cells contain glycoprotein that helps to bind the S-3 component . Certain opioid receptors are present on the surface of the cell that is linked with the G-protein receptor family. Once the opioid receptors have been activated by the Pertussis toxin, the G-proteins that are sensitive to the Pertussis toxin (namely G-i and/or G-o) are stimulated. The ADP-ribose portion of the NAD is transferred to the G-i. G-i gets inactivated and does not obstruct adenylate cyclase.The intracellular concentration of cAMP increases because the transformation of ATP to AMP cannot be controlled . This results in generation of an intracellular signal which activates the gene transcription in the nucleus and brings about cell division. Once the opioid receptor has been activated, the enzyme Adenylate cyclase is decreased and the Cyclic AMP levels present in the cell are increased. Calcium channels are repressed and inward flow of potassium ions are stimulated by the opioid receptors. When the opioid receptors were stimulated, neuronal excitability reduced.Opioid receptors activation can also bring about activation of the MAP-kinase. Once this occurs, arachidonate may be released and genes c-fos and jun-B are expressed . BvgA and BvgS proteins help the B. Pertussis to express adhesions, virulence factors and toxins. BvgA appear similar to the regulator component, whereas BvgS appears similar to the regulator and sensory component. This system helps to bring about phosphorylation cascade following sensory inputs. As transmission and receiving can occur in this system, a signal pathway system does exist.The cytoplasmic front of the BvgS autophosphorylates with ATP (r-phosphate portion). BvgA is phosphorylated following transfer of BvgS of the phosphate group to the Asp. Gene expression may occur in relation to phosphrylation of BvgA . The human IL-1 stimulates release of kappa Ig-L by the pre-B Cell lines, IL-2R by the Natural Killer cell Lines and PGE2 by the rheumatoid synvovial cells. However, all these IL-stimulated factors are reduced by the Pertussis toxin, which may be associated the cAMP production.As IL-1 stimulates GTPase activity, Pertussis Toxin brought about a reduction in GTPase activity. Pertussis toxin also stimulated ADP-ribosylation of the enzyme adenylate cyclase in the membrane of cells that are usually activated in cells sensitive to IL-1 . Once the cell is affected with the Pertussis toxin, agents that would otherwise obstruct the collection of cAMP are no longer effective. The Pertussis toxin brings about certain cell transduction mechanism that further enables the cell to be invaded by the microorganism .Many of the bacterial toxins such as Cholera Toxin, E. coli labile toxin and the Pertussis toxin act in the same manner and produce the same effect (that is a rise in the cAMP levels of the cell). However, the symptoms and signs of each of these disorders are different. This is mainly because the target tissues and cells of each of these toxins are different. The Pertussis toxin mainly acts on the epithelium of the respiratory tract causing several symptoms such as whoop, cough, breathing problems and cyanosis .