Research Program Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Program Proposal - Essay Example It is stated in there that " in 1998, for every 100,000 youth in the United States ages 10 through 17, there were 1,751 arrests of juveniles for property offenses". (Frontline: Juvenile Justice 2008) The problem rooted from some cited causal factors. One is the loose responsibility of the educators of the proper education designed for minors. Research shows that there are 70% of juvenile delinquent was caused by educational disabilities (Wright & Wright 2007). The ineffectiveness of the educational system in a certain community is comparable to non-educational system at all. The knowledge and awareness in society and morality that children should learned are not being effectively conveyed to them, thus the possibility to create socially-insensitive individual is in its highest possibility (Diekmann 2004). There are previous programs being implemented for the juvenile justice system to help resolve the social malady. In the United States, designed programs for juvenile justice system vary from states', and universities' concerns. The Juvenile Justice Role Model Program was a program established in 1995 that aims to discipline and emphasizes culture and academic diversity of the students.

Case Study- Democracy and Islam Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

- Democracy and Islam - Case Study Example After the overthrow of dictatorial regimes in Egypt, Tunisia, and Libya during the Arab spring, demands for a democratic form of government are also brewing up in the neighboring Arab states. The case study, written by Tessler and Brand in the year 1995, sheds some light on the present events happening in the Arab world as they reflect some repercussions originating from the historical realms of political Islam and democracy. The subject is of vital importance considering the current trend in Arab politics and its implications on international politics at large. The current events occurring in the Arab world have deep connections with the history of democracy and Islam in the region, and can be better understood with regards to the historical trends. According to Tessler and Brand (1995), Islam has significantly grown in its importance in the Arab world. Such sentiments are visible through the more apparent praying and veiling. And many campaigns seem to rake in a lot of support as they reinforce the Islamic banner. Such a support can materialize into successful election of the candidate provided that an electoral poll takes place. However, not all scholars agree with the supposed positive correlation between democracy and Islam. Many scholars argue that democracy and Islam are incompatible. To make a statement about the issue requires serious study into the current air prevailing across the Arab world while also seeking guidance from the theoretical frameworks. Political Islam is usually viewed as a conflicting concept to secularism or other liberal forms of democracy. However, in the Arab world, it is almost impossible to eliminate religion from political systems. The events of the Arab spring demonstrated the need to reconsid er the relationship between Islam and democracy as ideological rivals. Individual protests during the Arab spring grew immensely strong eventually changing the political system from authoritarian to democratic. More

Social Work Domestic Violence Case Study

Social Work Domestic Violence Case Study You are working as a Social Worker in a Gateway Team. A referral is received from the PSNI that they attended an incident of domestic abuse the previous Saturday evening. The referral is being made because there are two children in the household aged 4 years and 18 months. Discuss the main roles and responsibilities of the Social Work profession, including law and policy, service user perspectives, the social work process, and professional ethics and values. Social work involves working with some of the most vulnerable people who have been oppressed or disadvantaged in Society. The role of the Social Worker is to challenge these oppressions to help service users help themselves. It is about promoting change, and is underpinned by laws, theories, policies and procedures. Social Work as a profession has never experienced so many changes in policy and practice (Iwaniec and Hill 20099) Theory is far from benign and practitioners need to ensure that their understanding of theory has not stopped, slowed or become misplaced (Helm 2010) although they cannot represent an absolute truth they can help understand, explain and bring about change. (Howe 1990) For the purpose of this assignment the assumption is that this is a heterosexual married couple where the husband is committing domestic violence against his wife. The Gateway team is the first point of contact when children are involved, when the referral is made, their input; although may be short term has a crucial impact in ensuring the safety of the children. It is their duty to investigate, the Social Worker must see this family within twenty four hours or the reasons why this cannot be achieved must be clearly recorded (Laming, 2003, Recommendation 53) It is the Social Workers duty to make contact with this family as soon as possible. It may be beneficial to look at the four main parts of the helping cycle which are Assessment, Care Planning, Implementation and Review. (Taylor and Devine 1993) Although Gateway doesnt tend to execute care plans, except possibly on a short term basis, this cycle can provide a firm foundation for the Social Work process. On receipt of this referral the Social Work process begins, Social work is never mechanistic or predictable and any encounter is seen as unique, Social Workers need to be properly prepared to ensure effective practice. One of the most important methods of preparation for Social workers is that of Tuning in which should begin when the referral has been received. Shulman (1992) has described this as involving effort from the workers to get in touch with potential feelings and concerns the Service User may bring to the helping encounter. This should help the Social Worker prepare for undertaking the referral with a more objective approach; they may equip themselves with information to be provided as a means of empowering the family such as agencies they can connect with. Social work has been described as a practical moral activity. (Parrott 2010 3) Before attending any referral it is important the Social Worker takes into account their own values, we all have a set of beliefs that influence our actions they relate to what we believe others should do or what we should be doing (Parrott 2010) Values are influenced by things such as culture, family, and life experience. As a Social Work practitioner there is a professional set of values that must be reflected in practice. It is important to be aware of our own values and understand that there will be occasions when our personal and professional values will conflict. The Cornerstone of a high quality assessment is a sound value base, which challenges oppression and respects individuals rights. Middleton (1997) believes the process of assessment is firmly rooted in the context of Social Work values and individual difference is central if the process is not going to disempower the individual. Several potential pitfalls in making judgement are identified by Milner and OByrne (2009) such as, stereotyping, labelling people and attributing certain characteristics to people because how we perceive they are likely to behave, as a Social Worker it is important to be able to recognise these downfalls and try to avoid them, to ensure effective practice. Our values and views of childhood can play a part in the assessment process. (Helm 2010162) Due to the possible risk to the children it may be difficult to feel respect for the father; he is allegedly carrying out domestic violence in the family home, putting both his wife and children at risk from harm. It is important as a Social Worker to be clear that, although the actions may not be respected it is a professional duty to respect the persons as an individual in their own right. Recognising potential value conflicts can contribute to effective practice. Milner and Byrne (2009) argue assessment is a key task in social work practice. It is an ongoing process involving Service User participation, with the purpose of understanding people in relation to their environment. (Coulshed and Orme, 2006) Assessment demands the ability to organise, systemise and rationalise knowledge gathered, the Social Worker needs to be sensitive and demonstrate the ability to value the uniqueness of each individual assessed. (Parker and Bradley 200716). Practitioners require the skill and determination to find methods of communication to demonstrate their competence.'(Thomas and OKane 2000819) One of the most controversial and complex areas of Social Work is the assessment of a child and their family when there are concerns about the welfare of the child. (Holland 2004) So it is important that all knowledge is kept up to date. It is important that the assessment ensures full involvement of the family and any significant others, portraying respect and consideration, working in partnership with the family will be beneficial. The Social Worker needs to be open and honest and give the family a clear understanding of the assessment process and their roles within it. In this particular case the exchange model could be applied, where it is seen that the service user is their own best expert, the interview should be collaborative, the family will know what problems they are facing, they will be able to provide their perspectives on what is happening. Part of the assessment process would be to gather information, through observation, questioning and the interview process. The Social Worker will need to be aware what they are looking to find out and decide who they need to speak with, the parents, the children and any significant other that could provide an insight into the family setting. As Part of the tuning in process it is important that the Social Worker works in partnership with other agencies as this might help to get a clearer understanding of the situation, they must liaise with the police as they were the ones that made the referral and it may also be beneficial to speak to the familys GP and the health visitor, as there is an 18th month old child in the house the health visitor may have made regular visits and could give a good insight into the family and the childrens development. Observation is a critical element of assessment (Holland 2004) Observing the family is a major part of the assessment process, visualising how they interact with each-other and how the children interact with both parents, it is important to look for signs of disruption and possibly fear on the part of the children. Observation can allow the practitioner to see how the childrens daily life looks like with particular reference to emotional abuse and neglect (Helm 2010) as both children are still young the use of observation with reference to the attachment theory could provide vital information as the attachment theory focuses on how the children interact with their parents. The childs development can be affected by lack of attachment with parents. (Hirschy and Wilkinson 2009) What is being said and what is being done may not be easily to depict, the use of observation allows the practitioner to validate what is being said or it may provide contradictory evidence that needs to be addre ssed. (Helm 201057) Another crucial area of the assessment is the interview process. The parents, the children and any significant others, will need to be interviewed in relation to this case, to provide a holistic view of what is happening and the effect it may be having on the children. Interviewing others outside the family may cause controvsersy with the parents as the Human Rights act (1998) states people have the right to a private and family life, (www.legislation.gov.uk) if there is a possibility the children are at risk all avenues need to be assessed. When interviewing the parents it is important that their rights are promoted. Questions need to be appropriately structured to ensure that the family are not oppressed in anyway. Ethics are an important part of Social Work (Banks 2006) According to the Northern Ireland Social Care Council (NISCC www.niscc.info) Social Workers should promote the independence of the Service Users while seeking to ensure that their behaviour does not harm themselves or other people. It is important to consider the mothers view of the situation, although the purpose of the Gateway team is primarily to look after the welfare of the child, they must also be aware of the oppression being faced by the other members in the family and promote their rights. As the mother is suffering from domestic violence, it may be beneficial to provide her with advice and with information on Womens aid who provide support for anyone who suffers from domestic violence; it may help to empower her and give her a sense of self determination. She may not wish to leave for several reasons but she should be aware that it is not only her that is suffering, her children are as well. OLoughlin and OLoughlin (2008) believe that some mothers experiencing domestic violence may emotionally distance themselves from their children, resulting in emotional neglect. Information on certain laws could be provided; one main order would be The Family Homes and Domestic Violence (NI) Order (1998) which includes two orders, the non-molestation order and the occupation order. It is useful to provide the family with this information because if the problem still persists this law gives the authority for the abuser to be removed from the home where children are involved. (White 2007) Providing this information can empower the mother. Womens Aid believes all forms of domestic violence come from the abusers desire for power and control over family members or intimate partners. (www.womensaid.org.uk). When interviewing the father it is crucial the practitioner is non-judgemental and shows respect, he may view himself as the dominant figure in the family, the idea of male patriarchy may play a part here therefore it may prove valuable talking with the father to give advice and provide information on possible anger management classes that he could attend, which may be of benefit to him and his family. When carrying out assessment with Children the Social Worker with utilize UNOCINI, which provides the framework for assessing and providing services to children and their families, by ensuring timely high quality assessments with a focus on achieving good outcomes for children. It is important to explain to the family the purpose of UNOCINI. Using the UNOCINI framework provides the Social Worker with in-depth knowledge of the circumstances at hand and can aid the Social Workers role of advocacy, representing the views of the children. It can help the Social Worker assess areas such as the childrens development, the family relationships, emotional warmth and education and learning. UNOCINI emphasises the importance of multidisciplinary contributions to the holistic assessment of the childs needs (Boginsky 2008) such as work with GP and health visitor and adequate levels of communication between Social Work teams and can provide evidence of the level of help required. The main purpose of the assessment is to identify possible risked posed to the children. The Childrens (NI) Order 1995 is put in place to protect the child. When assessing a case like this it is extremely important to understand the laws that are crucial, as Social Work laws unpin practice. The Paramouncy Principle states that when a childs upbringing is being considered, the childs welfare will be the paramount consideration. (White 2007) The Social Worker is required to work with and on behalf of the service users. When interviewing the children it is important that the Social Worker uses appropriate language that the children understand, explain to them why your there and what the situation is. The Childrens (NI) order (1995) which states children should be kept informed. (www.dsspsni.gov.uk) it is the responsibility of the Social Worker to ensure that both the childs welfare is protected and their voice is heard. (Brandon et al 1998) The needs of the children must be recognised. People First NI (1995) believes that needs led assessments are the cornerstone of community care. Children have rights and needs just like adults, to have their views and feeling heard and to be treated with respect they need to be able to talk to adults they trust. (Brandon et al 1998) By asking children to communicate in ways that suit adults, such as talking, reading and writing, we play to adult competencies and not to those of children . (Helm 2010170) Social Workers need to be accountable for the quality of their work and should consistently be maintaining and improving their skills (NISCC www.niscc.info) In order to ensure effective communication the Social Worker must try to build a rapport with the children; this could be done through trying to engage their attention, to help develop a relationship that will help the Social Worker to learn from the child. There are possible ways this can be done; the use of a basic kit bag may prove beneficial, containing items such as play people, soft animals or soft balls. (Brandon et al 1998) It is vital to try to understand what is happening from the childrens perspectives to help assess the level of risk they face; children need to be listened too. Domestic violence can have a huge impact on children of all ages, age can influence the way in which children make sense of their experiences and how they demonstrate certain anxieties. The children in this family are an infant and a child of preschool age. Oloughlin and Oloughlin (2008) believe in situations of domestic violence an infants needs may not be met, such as personal hygiene, cognitive development may be delayed through inconsistent neglect, and they become insecurely attached which could put the infant at risk. Younger children do not have the ability to express themselves verbally and research has shown that children of preschool age tend to be the group to demonstrate the most behavioural disturbances (Hughes 1988; Cited by Humphreys and Stanley 2006 20) they may become withdrawn and display poor concentration, which may possibly be identified through observation of the children. The Social Worker is required to carry out a risk assessment in relation to the children. As this is an alleged case of domestic violence the children may be at risk. Brearleys model of risk assessment is a good focus point as it can help determine the level of risk. The four stages of Brearleys model are predisposing hazards; situational hazards; dangers and strengths, doing so may help inform the Social Worker of the level of support the family require. Safeguarding the child is essential so it is imperative that a detailed, well informed assessment is completed. It is vital to uncover what the children have seen or heard and if they have ever been abused themselves, due to the age of the younger child this may be difficult to ascertain. However the liaison with the health visitor could provide more information on the childrens wellbeing and also their stages of development. Bronfenbrenners (1979) theory of ecological development would be a beneficial theory to be aware of when observing the children. This theory looks at a childs development within the context of the system of relationships that form his or her environment. He believes that if the relationships in the home break down, the child will not have the tools to explore other parts of their environment. (Crawford and Walker 2010) All children witnessing domestic violence are being emotionally abused (Womens Aid) and may be at risk of harm. Harm is defined in the Children Order as ill-treatment or the impairment of health or development and from the above statements we can see adverse effect that domestic violence within the home can have on children. (Probation Board for Northern Ireland 2006) Throughout the assessment it is vital that the interests of the child are always at the forefront. Frequent exposure to domestic violence can predispose children to social, emotional and physical problems and through this they may learn unhealthy ways of expressing anger teaching them that it is okay to hit others and to get away with it. (Newman and Newman 20084) When the assessment is completed the Social Worker must record all details accurately. The practitioner needs to be open and honest with the family about the information and findings. Review and evaluation is central to good practice (Parker and Bradley 2007) The Social Worker must review their assessment to determine the level of support and protection the children and the family require. Reflection is required so the Social Worker can determine if their practice could be improved and if they have carried out the assessment in the best interests of the children and the family. If Care planning is required, it is important that a plan is constructed that meets the needs of the family and safeguards the well being of the children. If the assessment highlights that the children are in need; in conjunction with Hardikers thresholds of intervention, it is possible for the gateway team to put in a short term plan which would set aims and objectives within the family; to support them with partnership from other agencies involved. Gateway only work on short term basis, if this family require more support a referral will be made to the family intervention team so they can provide the appropriate support to enable the family to stay together where possible. However if it is a child protection nature, a case conference may be required to decide if the children should be placed on the child protection register. Information should be passed within an appropriate timescale to ensure that the needs of the family are properly met. Communication between the agencies is vital to ensure the correct care is provided. The Childrens (NI) Order (1995) highlight that Parents with children in need should be helped to bring up their children themselves and such help should be provided in partnership with parents. (www.dhsspsni.gov.uk) A social worker being present at an important point in another persons life can make a big difference. (Parker and Bradley 200790). Although the family can be a source of danger to a child, supporting the family in most cases can be the most productive way to protect the child. (Brandon et al 1998) The principles associated with the legislation require practitioners to work in partnership with children and families, (Helm 2010) to enhance the well being of the children. The key aspects of Social Work are the practitioners interventions orientated towards enhancing childrens wellbeing; ensuring that they grow up in healthy and safe environments; and developing their full potential.'(Dominelli 200925) Owen and Pritchard (1993) highlight, it is important that the rights of the parents, the child and the legal system are balanced and the role of professionals in protecting the rights of children will be promoted if we actively listen to the voices of children and take their thoughts into consideration when making decisions can act in the best interests of the child. Social Work is complex and diverse and the roles and tasks allotted to it are equally varied. (Parker and Bradley 2007117) One important point to remember is that every case is unique; everyone should be treated with respect as an individual, Social Workers should have the knowledge to deal with the different demands of different situations to ensure efficient, effective practice.

Anti-Defamation League Essay -- Race Racial Ethnicity Essays

Anti-Defamation League Lawyer Sigmund Livingston in Chicago, IL started the ADL in 1913, with the mission: "to stop, by appeals to reason and conscience, and if necessary, by appeals to law, the defamation of the Jewish people. . . to secure justice and fair treatment to all citizens alike. . . put an end forever to unjust and unfair discrimination against and ridicule of any sect or body of citizens." The ADL has gone from having a small office in Chicago to 30 regional offices as well as international offices in Moscow, Jerusalem, and Vienna. The ADL, as a well-respected political interest group, has been active in influencing United States foreign policy in Middle East countries, such as Israel. Today, under the leadership of National Chair, Howard P. Berkowitz and National Director Abraham Foxman, the ADL remains as the leading opponent of anti-Semitism and they continue to expose all forms of injustice, prejudice, and bigotry. ADL’s primary goals as a religious organization are to bring about social change through the elimination of bigotry and hatred by influencing government legislation. Specifically, one piece of legislation the ADL is working against is the implementation of school vouchers. It is ADL’s position that by using government funds to support vouchers, the quality of education at the public schools will decrease. I completely agree with this position. Education reform doesn’t mean destroying one institution that helps a large majority to promote elitist institutions that only benefit a small minority. The ADL is very large organization with vast influence benefiting millions of people around the globe, and according to Olson’s collective action problem members could be dissuaded from parti... ...ias. The ADL’s religious interests are mainly to promote the interest and betterment of Jews. So to listen to ADL and make legislative changes accordingly is to create a hierarchy among religions that shouldn’t be a part of the government. Even though, I may not agree with everything the ADL says, I think that what they are trying to do is incremental in bringing about the change necessary to improve our society. Works Cited: Bahrampour, Tara & Anthony Ramirez (2001). New Monitor For Hate Groups [Electronic version]. New York Times, B5.1. Falconer, Matthew (1999). Filter blocks hate-promoting Web sites [Electronic Version]. Boston Globe, A40. Olson, Mancur (1965) from Nivola, Pietro S. and David H. Rosenbloom (1990), Classic Readings in American Politics, 2nd Edition, pages 225-240. New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc.

The Characteristics that Maintains Quality Culture

6 XSTICS THAT MAINTAINS QUALITY CULTURE I believe most of the company’s have following 6 rules or characteristics that makes a good culture to work with. The seven characteristics are as follows: 1. Expectations :- Each every employerworking  in a company has its own expectations from the company. The company’s culture mostly  depends on  the fulfillment of the employers expectations. Its better to go for excellence and work in such a way that you should be criticized for showing lack of initiative. . Rules :- Generally each and every company has its own do’s and don’ts. Its better for an individual to follow those do’s and don’ts because if they are not followed it’s a  black mark  on the individual character. 3. Interactions :- Generally  employees working  together are  human beings. Every human being should have a attitude of gratitude. For a friendly environment to work on every individual must have some sort of ap preciation for the others.Even it deals with the way how a individual interacts with the Boss and the  management. 4. Dress Code  :- Generally  Dress Code  is what shows personality of an individual. A good wardrobe generally makes it easy for an individual to grow and to show  leadership qualities. So be in  proper attire. 5. Be Fast :- Generally every organization has a very fast paced environment. Many of the individual tasks are deadline-driven. So its better to be in pace with the company’s requirement. . Competitiveness :- Competition, Competition, Competition †¦. This is what you will find everywhere. If you are in a reputed company or an organization than maintaining a culture you must be competitive with the others in every  field. Doing task at a fast paced , learning from experience , finishing most of the projects in a small time shows that you are a competitive person among others. For more of such hot topics read my other posts here :

A Study of the Barriers of Implementation of Accounting Information System: Case of Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange

Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 76-85, Feb 2011 A study of the barriers of implementation of accounting information system: Case of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange 1Accounting Mahdi Salehi1 Abdoreza Abdipour2 and Management Department, Islamic Azad University, Takestan Branch, Iran, 2Payame Noor University, Andimeshk Branch, Iran [email  protected] com Abstract: Accounting information system is one of subsystems in management information system that is very important in all companies. The current study reviews barriers in implementation by postulating six hypotheses of accounting information system (middle managers, human resources, organizational structure, environmental factors, financial issues, and organizational culture) in companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange. Finally, some results were obtained in this manner: barrier of organizational structure with 26 percent, middle managers with 26 percent, human resources with 25 percent, environmental factors with 21 percent, organizational culture with 19 percent and finally financial issues with16 percent were identified as barriers factors influencing on the establishment of accounting information systems in listed companies on Tehran Stock Exchange. Generally to eliminate these barriers, management, financial managers and staff must be trained practically by experienced teachers in accounting information systems to use the specialist and professional managers, to lengthen position of managers, to clear financial issues, to inform benefits of system establishment to company's managers. By giving reward to managers and staff try to encourage these people to use the new system. To justify staff that the establishment of new system would be their advantages; by the lever of reward, to encourage staff to compete in learning and work with the system in staff and learn to compete with systems that can accelerate performing and implementing the system. Key words: Accounting information systems, Corporate accounting system, financial system 1. Introduction Today, dramatic changes have occurred in the field of Information Technology (IT) and its progress has been so pervasive so that it has created changing trends in different in areas. The most important features of it are; high speed data processing, extremely high accuracy, and high speed access to information, to be up-to-date, the possibility of electronic exchange of information, high quality, very cheap and declining price. By considering these factors there will be no need to justify the use of IT in today's world (Salehi et al. , 2010a). Addition in accounting has to use and apply all or some of the new techniques in their services and obligations. So, providers of information especially accountants, should be the providers of advanced and high-quality information so that their services to be bought in high prices. Otherwise, in the future they will not have any place. Accounting information System (AIS) is developed between one or two or more units of a company to achieve a specific goal (Salehi et al. , 2010 b; Salehi and Alipour, 2010). It contains small sub-systems that support larger systems, includes people, methods, information and software and information technology infrastructures (Romney and Barrett, 2003). System consists of a set of incorporated components that are affiliated to achieve one or several particular goals in a way that, if one or more input can enter in it, one or more output exits (Frederick, 1984). AIS is a completely designed system for the production, collection, organization (processing), storage, retrieval and dissemination in an institution, organization or any other defined areas of society. AIS can helps business units and solve short-term problems of managers in the areas of final price, cost and cash flow through providing information to support and supervision of companies in the dynamic and competitive environment, and to help the integration of these companies and the operational considerations and strategic programs in long term (Mitchell et al. 2000). Progress in the fields of accounting, information technology and information systems during the past two decades suggest conditions to consider the role of accounting information system. For example, the evolution of active database technology, implementing new models, such as accounting resources and factors of planning resources and allowing accounting information to attract financial old data. 76 Available literat ures show little evidence of developing AIS within medium companies. In fact considerable evidences suggest that financial accountings n medium companies are the main source of information and management (McMahon and Davies, 1994). Advantages of JIT The advantages of the JIT philosophy are many. Giunipero et al. , (2005) say that JIT has led to several benefits which include lower production cost, higher and faster throughputs, better product quality, reduced inventory costs, and shorter lead times in purchasing. According to an American study of U. S. Manufactures, companies can expect improved performance in lead times, quality levels, labor productivity, employee relations, inventory levels and manufacturing costs (White, Pearson, and Wilson, 1999). Fullerton and McWatters (2001) summarised benefits in to five categories: quality benefits, time-based benefits, employee flexibility, accounting simplification and firm profitability. The increase in performance is usually attributable to a decrease in inventory levels, smoother production flow, lower storage cost and ultimately a decrease in average cost per unit (Hall, 1989). Callen et al. , (2000) reported that JIT plants have significantly less WIP than non-JIT plants. JIT plants also store fewer finished products and have lower variable and total costs than the non-JIT equivalent. Callen et al. , (2000) further found that JIT plants are significantly more profitable than non-JIT plants, but are neither successful at minimizing WIP and costs nor maximizing profits. It is possible to observe that traditional performance measurement system is inconsistent with JIT system benefiting from technological innovations at a maximum level and also that it prevents or hides broad-based effectiveness of new production methods. In this sense, the restrictions of traditional measurement system in JIT environment might be listed as follows: 1. Continuous development in production process is basic element in JIT manufacturing environment. To reach this aim easily, it’s intended to make flow of production possible with minimal parties and decreasing stock levels to a minimum. Yet, production and productivity measures of traditional understanding have reported that the productivity is low when small-lot production is made (Drury, 1990). For this reason, traditional accounting system suggests increasing batch capacity rather than decreasing lot size, which leads to raising stock levels, long supply process, increasing cost and declining customer satisfaction (Mcnair et al. 1990). As in standard costing, appropriate operational control of traditional accounting system cannot be carried out in today’s production environment (Allott, 2000; Cheatham and Cheatham: 1996; Ezzamel, 1992). Besides, due to the reliability and consistency of manufacturing processes in JIT environment, deviations do not exist or exist in qui te low level and it also leads to less use of deviation analyses. JIT manufacturing system changes will bring about changes in information requirements (Upton, 1998). As it is known, normally traditional performance, reporting is prepared monthly or weekly and cannot detect on time real reasons of processes that are not realized as expected. Yet, in JIT production system there is a possibility of short production cycle, so it requires information for the problems coming out in accordance with one-day or â€Å"real time† principal. 2. 3. Ahmad et al. , (2004) presented potential benefits and performance improvements achieved through JIT implementation. The summary of main benefits of JIT is listed below: 1. 2. 3. . 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Reduced process time, setup time and lead time; Reduced raw material, wip and finished goods inventory levels and lot size; Improved machinery and reduced machine breakdowns and downtimes; Minimized space requirement; Improved flow of products; Lowered production costs; Simplified production processes; Improved quality; Improved flexibility, multifunctional ability, motivation and problem solving capability of emplo yees; 10. Increased productivity and performance; 77 11. Improved consistency of production scheduling; and 12. Increased emphasis on supplier integration Following are the main objectives of the study: 1. 2. Identify barriers in the establishment of AISs in companies. Provide strategies for the establishment of the obstacles companies AIS in listed companies on TSE. 2. Theoretical issues and review of literature IT is a company's key infrastructure that includes physical information technology infrastructures, information technology of human resources to get information (technical and managerial skills), and technology of irreplaceable resources (Bharadvj, 2000). An important study problem in management accounting and concern about AIS decision-making with organization regarding the need for information is communication and control of accounting information system. Computer system is based on a process that supports financial data for decision-making tasks of managers within the frame of coordination and control of company's activities that in the researches of different studied models, between accounting information system with technology organization, organization's structure and organizational environment have been studied (Chen and Hall, 1994). AIS is an important mechanism of an organization that is vital for effective management decision-making in controlling organization (Zymrmn, 1995). Generally, AIS is classified in two categories: a: effective decision-making for information that is largely for control of organization and b: to facilitate information that is mainly used for coordination of organization in decision-making are used (Kern, 1992). Effectiveness of AIS to increase system integration is to improve internal communications throughout the organization (Huber, 1990). Top management team with various planning and management information system influences on strategic performance (Gil, 2009). Behavioral changes following Joint development show AIS support and participation of users that has been influencing on in accounting information system development and improved financial performance, which eventually lead to successful troubleshooting cost accounting system, are based activities (Alden burg et al. , 2009). About the productivity of information technology within the information systems in public accounting is that a small number of respondents aware of the technology components were the major component of respondents information technology data, but not the information system Accounting and usefulness were aware of the development and effects in this study started the organization, human resources management and knowledge of technology and acceptance of data were evaluated (Madshary, 2008). Comparative advantage as a model of efficiency value accounting information systems research for scholars is significantly effective and that represent the financial resources and human resources as the two basic pillars of research and development supplement industry regarding information systems that are accounting absolute superiority ensures business operations (Eles, et al. , 2008). Management stress on critical factors in success to implement organizational resources planning systems suggests that the selecting appropriate time, completing the project by one management, training personnel, superiority of project results in comparison with other projects, use of consultants, management interaction with users, the use of project control committee, shows the difference between successful and unsuccessful projects (Bradley, 2008). Test of textual factors and the impact of characteristics of technology on implementing auditing decisions is in such a way that the use of computer techniques by experienced auditors shows that companies which have experienced the ability of influencing on implementation of new technology using long-term budgets, have assed different courses through indirect control of the software (Curtis and Payne, 2008). Intelligent business systems and measuring, its effects in connection with business processes and organizational performance when measuring performance is important as information technology systems through specialized texts and literature is outstanding (Bashir, et al. , 2008). Test of the influence of international investors on the quality of accounting information demonstrates that the choice right of investment and increasing work quality of international investors on the quality information has influenced on Russian accounting companies (Baguya, 2008). Current economic and the traditional model of accounting reports: challenges and opportunities ahead of AIS researches prove that the economy in real condition can accelerate measurement and evaluation of business. Decision-making processes as a 78 new business model results in decrease of internal and hidden processes. Therefore, AISs together with research literature have been successful in development of new models to accelerate accounting processes (Vasarahly and Els, 2008). Organizational determining factors acceptance and implementation of information technology in mean companies: private and public companies shows that limiting factors in the implementation and information technology overhaul, reform arranged, changes, lack of qualified personnel and Run the same technology and information systems quality are essential (Muyanu and Brook, 2007). Strategic Planning of information systems: case study in inancial services companies in Germany represents that lack of scientific literature in implementation of strategic information systems planning, data transfer isn't mainly due to scientific literature, although scientific literature inspiring, in practice to run strategic planning, information system not included. Professional characters of management and different resources are of scientific characters. Thus the role of management in the information technology practice through the opinions of staff need more experience (Tabnar, 2007). More regulatory practices on information technology function of information technology organizations and business sector common understanding with the goals are associated with information technology. For example, active participation in the committee information technology, trade balance, decisions regarding technology information and understanding of strategic policies and administrative information technology in successful exploitation of information technology projects (Buyan et al. , 2007). Appropriate review between designing of AIS and performance of commercial units by analyzing strategies explains that high performance of commercial units depends on a wide range of accounting information systems (Boolean, 2007). Study of integrated information systems literatures of management accounting with consideration to the existing strengths within the framework of management accounting elements, new integrated information systems of accounting results in more development and understanding of theatrical frameworks in this regard. It identifies research gaps and suggests using research opportunities with different patterns and different methods. Ranking of AISs on performance of medium companies in Malaysia after study of 310 companies through electronic questionnaire showed that, a significant and important part of medium companies in Malaysia placed in high rank, and only a limited number of medium companies because of low organizational performance were in low level of accounting information systems (Nur Azizi and Kynk, 2005). Factors of users' concentration, measurement, and report making, quality of provided management information, reviewing and checking group work of outcomes affect the quality of accounting information (Hong-Jiang, 2005). To develop and spread of AIS a special team should be organized for designing input and output concepts and processing stored information so that company's decisions for main outputs and comparing of them with computer information to be possible and achievable (Romney and Stein, 2003). Future development of AIS in investment shows that the successes in avoiding risking the capital of companies are of five categories as: 1- clear and bright offers. 2 – Internal changes in institution investment. 3 – The variety of variables and repeating information change 4 – More use of information for supportive decisions support 5- world-wide impacts on investment. These evidences are good reasons for the judge and further research in the future and development of AIS (Gavyn et al. , 1997). Mistry (2005) found that, though JIT has been widely implemented, interest in documenting its impact on financial performance and productivity was generated during last few decades. For example, Inman and Mehra (1993) established the link between JIT benefits and bottom line financial measures. Olsen (2004, cited in Swamidass, 2007) is stated that â€Å"lean/JIT firms tend to have better return on equity†, since lean/JIT is associated with low inventories. However, according to Fullerton and McWatters, (2002), the use of financial performance measures under the present competitive market conditions appears unsustainable due to various reasons. Therefore, performance measurement system of a corporate using JIT production system should support basic variations such as increasing product or service quality, continuous development and reducing the losses (Hendricks, 1994). 79 Chart (1): General Plan of Financial Automation 3. Research methodology The statistical society of the study includes the financial managers of the companies listed on Tehran Stock exchange (TSE). For this purpose, a number of 442 companies were selected from TSE website. From the entire number of the selected companies 36 companies were omitted from the list of listed companies of TSE following the session of Security Subscription Board on June 10, 2008. Eventually, the study was concentrated on 406 companies from 36 different industrial sectors. The statistical community in this research could be all of companies all over the country, but with different directions and limitations of the personal facilities and we limited statistical community and selected 100 companies listed on TSE. Research data collection instrument is a questionnaire which has been standardized in the academic community and validity of it considering the opinions of specialized literatures and comments of expert managers in relevant areas were analyzed and its validity is acceptable. In order to determine the proper size of the specimen and calculate the Cronbach ? coefficient a pre-testing process was conducted. The methodology of the process was as follows: A number of 13 questionnaires of which narration style had been confirmed were distributed by the researcher among the financial managers of the admitted companies of TSE as an initial specimen. The original data showed that, on average, the affectivity of financial expenses in order to establishing an internet financial reporting was rated at 13. 90 with the standard deviation of 4 within the range of 5-25. In the society average comparison test, with the constant number of 15 (the middle point of the above range), at least, a number of 86 persons at 5% error rate provided 80. 26 percent level of ability. In order to testing of hypotheses, T-Test was employed in the study which it fits to the testing of hypotheses. Research hypotheses H1: middle managers prevent the establishment of AIS in financial units. H2: organizational structure prevents the establishment of AIS in the company's financial units. H3: organizational culture prevents the establishment of AIS in financial units. H4: financial problems prevent the establishment of AIS in the company's financial units. H5: labor prevents the establishment of AIS in financial units. H6: environmental factors influencing on AIS prevent the establishment of the company's financial units. 4. Data analysis In this section, demographic information of participants based on research experience and education level is presented in Table 1. 80 Table 1: General information of participants Item Variable Diploma Educational background B. A M. A Field of the Study Accounting Management Lee than 5 years Experience 6-10 years 11-15 years Manager Designation deputy expert clerk Testing of hypotheses Frequency 26 59 12 59 38 62 28 7 11 7 41 38 Percentage 26. 80 60. 80 12. 40 60. 80 39. 20 63. 90 28. 80 7. 20 11. 30 7. 20 42. 30 39. 20 H1: middle managers prevent the establishment of information systems in the company's financial units. In order to testing of the first hypothesis, One sample T-test is employed which the detail has presented in Table 2. Table 2: The results of testing first hypothesis Test Value=20 First hypothesis Middle managers H0: M = 20) (H1: = M> 20 degrees of freedom T Significant level 0. 001 Information contained in Table 2 shows the level of significant 0. 001, and since the significant level is less than 0. 005 shows the acceptance of hypothesis, so H0 is rejected and H1 is approved. H2: organizational structure prevents the establishment of accounting information system in the company's financial units. Table 3 shows the results of testing of hypothesis, according to the results of Table 3 the research hypothesis is accepted. Table 3: the results of second hypothesis The second hypothesis Organizational structure HO: M = 7) (H1: = M; 7 Test Value=7 Degree of freedom T Significant level 0. 001 Table 3 shows 0. 001 level of significant, and since the significant level less than 0. 005 is accepted, hypothesis H0 is rejected and, H2 is approved. Therefore, organizational structure is one of the barriers of the establishment of AIS in companies listed on TSE. 81 H3: organizational culture prevents the establishment of accounting information systems in financial units. For the above hypothesis single-sample T-test using SPSS software with confidence level of 0. 095 used and the results are mentioned in Table (4) Table (4): the results of testing third hypothesis Test Value=12 The third hypothesis Organizational culture HO: M = 12) (H1: = M; 12 degree of freedom T Significant level 0. 001 Information contained in table (4) shows significant level of 0. 001, and since the significant level less than 0. 005 is, hypothesis H0 rejected, so H3 is approved. Therefore, organizational culture prevents the establishment of AIS in companies based in financial units of companies. H4: financial problems prevented the establishment of accounting information system in the company's financial units. Table (5): the results of fourth hypothesis Test Value=6 Fourth hypothesis Financial problems HO: M = 6) (H1: = M> 6 degree of freedom T Significant level 0. 001 Information contained in the table (5) show 0. 001 level of significant, and since the significance level less than0. 005, H0 rejected, therefore, financial problems prevent the establishment of AIS in companies listed on TSE. H5: Labors don’t prevent the establishment of AIS in financial units. For the above hypothesis one- sample T-test, using SPSS software with confidence level of 0. 95 is used and the results are mentioned in Table (6). Table (6): the results of testing fifth hypothesis Test Value=17 fifth hypothesis Labors HO: M = 17) (H1: = M> 17 degree of freedom T Significant level 0. 001 Information contained in the table (6) shows 0. 001 level of significant, and since the significance level less than0. 005, H0 rejected, so H5 is approved. Hence we can say that issues related to human resources are of barriers in the establishment of accounting information system in companies located in stock exchange. H6: environmental factors affecting accounting information system prevent the establishment of accounting information system in companies' financial units. For the above hypothesis single- sample Ttest using SPSS software with confidence level of 0. 95 used and the results are mentioned in Table (7). 82 Table 7: Results of testing sixth hypothesis Test Value=12 sixth hypothesis Environmental factors HO: M = 12) (H1: = M; 12 degree of freedom T Significant level 0. 001 Information contained in the table (7) shows 0. 001 level of significant, and since the significance level less than 0. 05, is accepted, H0 rejected, so H6 is approved. Hence, we can say that environmental factors can also regard as barriers in establishment of accounting information system in companies located in stock exchange. 5. Conclusion and Discussion: Middle managers prevent implementation of AIS in companies listed on TSE. Results of above hypothesis through single-sample T-test with confidence level of 0. 95 r epresent the acceptance of this hypothesis of the research. It means that middle managers are of affecting barriers in failure of implementation of accounting information system in companies located stock exchange . There is a meaningful relation between middle managers and implementation of accounting information system. Further, environmental factors prevent the implementation of AIS listed companies on TSE. Results of the above hypothesis through single-sample T-test with confidence level of 0. 95 represent the acceptance of this hypothesis in the research. It means that organizational structure is one of affecting barriers in failure of implementing AIS in companies listed on TSE. There is a meaningful relation between and between organizational structure and implementation of AIS. By the way the results reveal that organizational culture prevents the implementation of AIS listed companies on TSE. Results of the above hypothesis through single-sample T-test with confidence level of 0. 95 represent the acceptance of this hypothesis in the research. It means that organizational culture is one of the affecting barriers in failure of implementing accounting information system in companies located in stock exchange. It means that there is meaningful relation between organizational culture and implementation of accounting information. The authors come to conclusion that several barriers lead to implementation AIS on listed companies on TSE. In such a condition it seems that without solving these problems the Iranian companies do not enjoy of advantages of AIS, so it cause very big problem in near future. In order to solving these problems all together from top managers to simple clerk should give hand in hand and at least reduce these problems in competition world. References Ahmad, A. , Mehra, S. and Pletcher, M. (2004): The perceived impact of JIT implementation on firms’ financial/growth performance, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 15(2):118 – 130. Alles, G. M. , Kogan, A & Vasarhelyi, A. M, (2008): exploiting comparative advantage: A paradigm for value added research in accounting information systems, international journal of accounting information systems, 9: 202-215. Allott, A. (2000): Some Academics Say Management Accounting Has Not Changed in The Last 60 Years; Others Say It Has—Hugely Who’s Right, Asks Anita Allott? , Management Accounting: Magazine for Chartered Management Accountants, 78 (7):54-56 Bagaeva, A. (2008): An examination of the effect of international investors on accounting information quality in Russia, advances in accounting, 24: 157-161 Bergeron F. Raymond L. , & Rivard S. (2001): Fit in strategic information technology management research: an empirical comparison of perspectives. OMEGA, International Journal of Management Science; 29:42125. Bharadwaj A. S. (2000): A resource-based perspective on information technology capability and firm performance: an empirical investigation, MIS Quarterl y; 24(1):169–96 Boulianne, E. (2007): Revisiting fit between AIS design and performance with the analyzer strategic-type, international journal of accounting information systems: 1-16 83 Bowen, P. L. , Cheung, Y. M and Rohde, F. H. 2007): Enhancing IT governance practices: A model and case study of organizations efforts, international journal of accounting information systems, 8: 191-221 Bradley, J. (2008): Management based critical success factors in the implementation of enterprise resource planning systems, international journal of accounting information systems, 9:175-200 Bruque, S. and Moyano, J. (2007): Organizational determinants of information technology adoption and implementation in SMEs: the case of family and cooperative firms, technovation, 27:241-253 Callen J. L. , Morel, M. and Fader, C. 2005): Productivity Measurement and the Relationship between Plant Performance and JIT Intensity, Contemporary Accounting Research, 22(2): 271-309 Cheatham, C. B. and Cheatham, L. R. (1996): Redesigning Cost Systems: Is Standard Costing Obsolete? , Accounting Horizons, 10( 4):117-125. Curtis, M. B. & Payan, A. (2008): An examination of contextual factors and individual characteristics affecting technology implementation decisions in auditing, international journal of accounting information systems, 9:104-121. Drury, C. (1990): Cost Control and Performance Measurement In an Amt Environment. Management Accounting:40-44. Edenburg, L. , Soderstrom, N. Willis, V. &, Wu, A, (2009): Behavioral changes following the collaborative development of an accounting information system, accounting organizations and society, in press, corrected proof, available online. Elbashir, M. Z. , collier, P. A. & Davern, M. J. (2008): Measuring the effects of business intelligence systems: the relationship between business process and organizational performance, international journal of accounting information systems: 135-153. Ezzamel, M. (1992): Business Unit & Divisional Performan ce Measurement, CIMA, Academic Press, London. Falconer, M. C. , Reid, G. & Terry, N. , (1997): Venture capital supply and accounting information system development, 1-27. Frederick, H. W. (1984): Accounting information systems and practice, New York, Macgraw-Hill. Fullerton, R. R. and McWatters, C. S. (2001): The production performance benefits from JIT implementation, Journal of Operations Management, 19(1): 81 – 96 Fullerton, R. R. and McWatters, C. S. (2001): The production performance benefits from JIT implementation. Journal of Operations Management, 19(1): 81 – 96. Gil, N. 2009): Management information system and strategic performances: the role of top team composition, international journal of information management, 29,104-110. Giunipero, L. , Pillai, K. , Chapman, S. & Clark, R. (2005): A longitudinal examination of JIT purchasing practices. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 16(1): 51-70 Hall, M. (2009): Accounting information and managerial work, accounting organizations and society, in p ress, corrected proof, Hall, R. W. (1983): Zero Inventory Crusade – Much More Than Material Management, Production and Inventory Control Society, 24(3): 1-9. Hendricks, J. A. 1994): Performance Measures For a JIT Manufacturer: The Role of the IE. † Industrial Engineering, 24-32. Huber G. P. (1990): A theory of the effects of advanced information technologies on organizational design, intelligence, and decision-making. Academic Management Review, 15: 47–71. Huber G. P. and Power D. J. (1985), Retrospective reports of strategic-level managers: guidelines for increasing their accuracy, Strategic Manage J; 6 (2), pp. 171–80. Inman, R. A. and Mehra, S. (1993): Financial justification of JIT implementation, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 13(4):32 – 39 Kren, L. 1992): Budgetary participation and managerial performance: The impact of information and environmental volatility. Account Review; 67: 511–26 Lautier, W. (2001): Accounting theory , seventh edition England, Foundational times Prentices Hall. Mauldin E. G. and Ruchala, L. V. (1999): Towards a meta-theory of accounting information systems. Accounting, Organization and Society; 24, 31-317. McMahon R. G. P. and Davies L. G. (1994): Financial reporting and analysis practices in small enterprises: Their association with growth rate and financial performance. Journal of Small Business Management;11: 92-475. Mcnair, C. J. , Lynch R. L. and Cross, K. F. (1990): Do Financial and Non-financial Performance Measures Have to Agree? Management Accounting, November: 29. Mia, L. and Chenhall, R. H. (1994): The usefulness of management accounting systems, functional differentiation and managerial effectiveness. Accounting, Origination and Society; 19:1–13 Mistry, J. J. (2005): Origins of profitability through JIT processes in the supply chain. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 105(6):752 – 768. 84 Mitchell, F. Reid, G. , and Smith J. (2000): Information system development in the small firm: the use of management accounting CIMA Publishing. Mohdshaari, A. (2008): Utilization of data mining technology within the accounting information system in the public sector: a country study-Malaysia. Noor A. E. & King, M. (2005), firm performance and AIS alignment in Malaysian SME s, international journal of accounting information systems, 6: 241-259. Rom, A. & Rohde, C. (2007): Management accounting and integrated information systems a literature review, international journal of accounting information systems, 8:40-60. Romeney, B. , and Steinbart, J. (2003): Accounting information systems 9th edition, prentice hall business publishing. Salehi M. , Alipour M. and Ramazani, M. (2010 b): Impact of IT on Firms’ Financial Performance: Some Iranian Evidence, Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 10(4), 21-29. Salehi M. and Alipour, M. (2010): E-banking in Emerging Economy: Empirical Evidence of Iran, International Journal of Economic and Finance, 2(1): 201-209 Salehi M. , Moradi, M. and Ariyanpour, A. (2010 a): A Study of the Integrity of Internet Financial Reporting: Empirical Evidence of Emerging Economy, Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 10(1), 148-158 Sutton, G. 2000): The changing face of accounting in an information technology dominated world, international journal of accounting information systems,1-8. Swamidass, P. M. (2007): The effect of TPS on US manufacturing during 1981 – 1998: Inventory increased or decreased as a function of plant performance, International Journal of Production Research, 45(16): 3763 – 3778. Teubner, A. (2007): Strategic information sys tems planning: a case study from the Financial services industry, the journal of strategic information systems, 16:105-125. Vasarhelyi, M. & Alles, G. 2008): The â€Å"now† economy and the traditional accounting reporting model: opportunities and challenges for AIS research, international journal of accounting information systems, 9:227-239. White, R. , Pearson, J. & Wilson, J. (1999): JIT Manufacturing: A Survey of Implementations in Small and Large U. S. Manufacturers, Management Science, 45(1): 1-15. Xu, H. , (2005): Critical success factors for accounting information systems data quality, advances in management information systems, 1:197. Zimmerman J. L. (1995): Accounting for decision-making and control, Chicago: Irwin. 85

Causes Of Corruption Essay Essay Example

Causes Of Corruption Essay Essay Example Causes Of Corruption Essay Essay Causes Of Corruption Essay Essay The paper stresses the demand to maintain the issue of corruptness forthrightly in position in the development docket. It discusses the causes and effects of corruptness. particularly in the context of a least developed state with considerable ordinance and cardinal way. Lack of transparence. answerability and consistence. every bit good as institutional failings such as in the legislative and judicial systems. supply fertile land for growing of rent seeking activities in such a state. In add-on to the rise of an belowground economic system and the high societal costs associated with corruptness. its inauspicious effects on income distribution. ingestion forms. investing. the authorities budget and on economic reforms are highlighted in the paper. The paper besides touches upon the supply side of graft and its international dimensions and nowadayss some ideas on how to turn to the corruptness issue and to seek and convey it under control. There is a turning worldwide concern over corruptness at the present clip. Several factors are responsible for this. First. a consensus has now been reached that corruptness is cosmopolitan. It exists in all states. both developed and developing. in the public and private sectors. every bit good as in non-profit and charitable organisations. Second. allegations and charges of corruptness now play a more cardinal function in political relations than at any other clip. Governments have fallen. callings of universe renowned public figures ruined. and reputes of well-respected organisations and concern houses severely tarnished on history of it. The international mass media provenders on it and dirts and improper behavior. particularly of those in high topographic points. are looked upon as highly newsworthy. and to be investigated with ardor and energy. The lifting tendency in the usage of corruptness as a tool to discredit political oppositions. the media’s preoccupation with it as a extremely marketable trade good. and the general public’s captivation with seeing outstanding personalities in abashing state of affairss have brought disgraceful and corrupt behavior. a common human infirmity. into the spotlight of international attending. Third – and the chief issue taken up in this paper – is that corruptness can be a major obstruction in the procedure of economic development and in overhauling a state. Many now feel that it should have precedence attending in a country’s development docket. This greater acknowledgment that corruptness can hold a serious inauspicious impact on development has been a cause for concern among developing states. In a recent study of 150 high degree functionaries from 60 3rd universe states. the respondents ranked public sector corruptness as the most terrible obstruction facing their development procedure ( Gray and Kaufmann 1998 ) . States in the Asia and Pacific part are besides really disquieted about this job and they are in significant understanding that corruptness is a major restraint that is impeding their economic. political and societal development. and therefore position it as a job necessitating pressing attending at the highest degree. Increasing public involvement and concern over corruptness have resulted in a big sum of scholarly research on the topic. True. there are still broad spreads in the current province of information and cognition on the affair and much more remains to be done. Nevertheless. theoretical and empirical research that has been conducted therefore far has yielded fresh penetrations into the job. We now have a clearer apprehension of the implicit in causes of corruptness. its effects. and thoughts and attacks on possible steps to battle it. At the same clip. a better position has been obtained on the grounds why corruptness persists in so many states. and why it is hard to cover with. although people throughout the universe position it with disfavor. This paper presents some thoughts and issues that have emerged from the current treatment and on-going argument on the corruptness inquiry in the part and around the universe. It considers the causes. effects and international dimensions of corruptness. which seem to hold generated a batch of public attending in many states. Ideas and suggestions on possible remedial steps have besides been included as it would non be a fruitful exercising to merely discourse issues and jobs. without coming frontward with some solutions as good. The purpose of the paper is to make greater consciousness of the topic and to foreground the desirableness to maintain it in position in believing about development issues. particularly in the context of a least developed state. I. DEFINITION AND CONCEPTS Definition In this paper. corruptness is defined as the usage of public office for private addition. or in other words. usage of official place. rank or position by an office carrier for his ain personal benefit. Following from this definition. illustrations of corrupt behavior would include: ( a ) graft. ( B ) extortion. ( degree Celsius ) fraud. ( vitamin D ) peculation. ( vitamin E ) nepotism. ( degree Fahrenheit ) cronyism. ( g ) appropriation of public assets and belongings for private usage. and ( H ) influence mongering. In this list of corrupt behavior. activities such as fraud and peculation can be undertaken by an official alone and without engagement of a 2nd party. While others such as graft. extortion and influence mongering affect two parties – the giver and taker in a corrupt trade. The two party type of corruptness can originate under a assortment of fortunes. Frequently mentioned are concerned with the followers: ( I ) Government contracts: payoffs can act upon who gets the contract. the footings of the contract. every bit good as footings of subcontracts when the undertaking is implemented. Government benefits: payoffs can act upon the allotment of pecuniary benefits such as recognition subsidies and favoured monetary values and exchange rates where monetary value controls and multiple exchange rates exist. Bribes can besides be of import in obtaining licences and licenses to prosecute in moneymaking economic activities such as importing certain goods in high demand and in short supply. Furthermore. payoffs can be employed to get in-kind benefits such as entree to favor schools. subsidized medical attention. subsidized lodging and existent estate. and attractive ownership bets in endeavors that are being privatized. Government gross: payoffs can be used to cut down the sum of revenue enhancements. fees. dues. custom responsibilities. and electricity and other public public-service corporation charges collected from concern houses and private persons. Time nest eggs and regulative turning away: payoffs can rush up the granting of permission. licences and licenses to transport out activities that are absolutely legal. This is the alleged â€Å"grease money† to turn the wheels of bureaucratism more swimmingly. quickly and hopefully in the right way. It is besides non hard to believe of a truly atrocious state of affairs where regulations and ordinances. and the manner they are applied. are so complex and burdensome that the lone manner left to acquire things done is to pay money to avoid them. Influencing results of legal and regulative procedures: payoffs can be used to supply inducements to regulative governments to forbear from taking action. and to look the other manner. when private parties engage in activities that are in misdemeanor of bing Torahs. regulations and ordinances such as those associating to commanding pollution. forestalling wellness jeopardies. or advancing public safety as in the instance of edifice codifications and traffic ordinances. Similarly. payoffs can be given to favor one party over another in tribunal instances or in other legal and regulative proceedings. Economic rent The construct of economic rent ( or monopoly net income ) occupies a cardinal topographic point in the literature on the topic of corruptness. Economic rent arises when a individual has something alone or particular in his ownership. This something particular can be a luxury condominium in a classy vicinity. a secret plan of land in the cardinal concern territory of the metropolis. a natural resource like an oil well. or even some delighting personal traits such as beauty and appeal. A individual who owns such a particular plus can bear down a more than normal monetary value for its usage and gain economic rent or monopoly net income. To exemplify. say there is a immature lady who has breathtakingly good expressions. a charming personality. and exceeding playing. vocalizing and dancing accomplishments. Due to these particular personal assets. she becomes a ace and a heartthrob of adolescents all over the state and therefore commands a princely amount for her visual aspects. But what precisely is her economic rent? To find this. it is necessary to cognize the following best thing she can make to gain a life if she is non a ace. Suppose she has a jurisprudence grade so the following best business she can take up is to go a attorney. Then the difference between her income as a ace and the net incomes she can obtain from her following best business ( as a attorney ) . is her economic rent for holding an remarkably pretty face. appeal. and brilliant vocalizing. dance and moving endowments – a winning combination which no other immature lady in the state can fit. A similar line of concluding can be applied to a minor administrative official working in the concern licence publishing office of a authorities ministry. Suppose this administrative official has the duty of typing. stomping the official seal. acquiring the appropriate signatures and presenting the mandate missive that grants permission to concern endeavors to prosecute in a certain line of economic activity. Business executives are dying to hold the missive typed efficiently and right. and have it decently stamped. signed. sealed and delivered and are willing to pay a monetary value for this particular service. Hence the administrative official who has a monopoly of typing. stomping and treating the missive can utilize his official place to get economic rent from his clients. A utile attack to happen out the sum of his economic rent is to believe of what he can gain if he is fired from the licensing office.

Banded Sea Krait Facts (Laticauda colubrina)

Banded Sea Krait Facts (Laticauda colubrina) The banded sea krait is a type of venomous sea snake found in the tropical water of the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Although this snakes venom is ten times more potent than that of a rattlesnake, the animal is nonaggressive and only known to bite in self defense. The most common name for the species is the banded sea krait, but its also called the yellow-lipped sea krait. The scientific name Laticauda colubrina gives rise to another common name: colubrine sea krait. While the animal may be called the banded sea snake, its better to call it a krait to avoid confusion with true sea snakes. Fast Facts: Banded Sea Krait Scientific Name: Laticauda colubrinaCommon Names: Banded sea krait, yellow-lipped sea krait, colubrine sea kraitBasic Animal Group: ReptileSize: 34 inches (male); 56 inches (female)Weight: 1.3-4.0 poundsLifespan: Unknown. Most snakes can reach 20 years of age under ideal conditions.Diet: CarnivoreHabitat: Indo-Pacific regionPopulation: Stable, probably numbering in the thousandsConservation Status: Least Concern Description A banded sea krait can be distinguished from other krait species by its yellow snout and from true sea snakes by its flattened body and nostril position. Sirachai Arunrugstichai / Getty Images The banded sea snake has a black head and black-striped body. Its upper surface is blue-gray, with a yellow belly. This snake can be distinguished from related kraits by its yellow upper lip and snout. Like other kraits, it has a flattened body, paddle-shaped tail, and nostrils on the sides of its snout. In contrast, an aquatic sea snake has a paddle tail, but a rounded body and nostrils near the top of its head. Banded sea krait females are substantially larger than males. Females average 142 cm (56 in) in length, while males average 87 cm (34 in) in length. On average, an adult male weighs about 1.3 pounds, while a female weighs around 4 pounds. Habitat and Distribution Banded sea krait (Laticauda colubrina) distribution. Sn1per Banded sea kraits are semiaquatic snakes found in shallow coastal waters of the eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean. While juvenile snakes spend most of their time in the water, adult kraits spend about half their time on land. The snakes hunt in water, but must return to digest their food, shed their skin, and reproduce. Banded sea kraits exhibit philopatry, which means they always return to their home islands. Diet and Behavior The head and tail of the banded sea krait look similar, which helps deter potential predators. Placebo365 / Getty Images Banded sea kraits are perfectly adapted to hunt eels, supplementing their diet with small fish and crabs. The snake has never been observed feeding on land. The kraits slender body helps it weave through corals. The snakes tail may be exposed, but the threat from predators is reduced because the tail looks much like the head. Banded sea kraits are solitary nocturnal hunters, but they travel with hunting parties of yellow goatfish and bluefin trevally, which capture prey fleeing from the snake. Banded sea kraits display sexual dimorphism in hunting behavior. Males tend to hunt moray eels in shallow water, while females hunt conger eels in deeper water. Males tend to make multiple kills on a hunt, while females typically only take one prey per hunt. Most animals leave sea kraits alone, but they are preyed upon by sharks and other large fish and sea birds when the snakes surface. In some countries, people catch the snakes to eat them. Venomous Bite Because they spend so much time on land and are attracted to lights, encounters between kraits and humans are common but surprisingly uneventful. Banded sea kraits are highly venomous, but only bite in self-defense if grabbed. In New Caledonia, the snakes have the common name  tricot rayà ©Ã‚  (stripey  sweater) and are considered safe enough to play with children. Bites most often occur when fishermen try to untangle the snakes from fishing nets. The venom contains a powerful neurotoxin that can cause hypertension, cyanosis, paralysis, and potentially death if left untreated. Reproduction and Offspring Banded sea kraits are oviparous; they return to land to mate and lay eggs. Mating occurs in September through December. Males chase the larger, slower females and entwine around her. The males rhythmically contract to produce what are called caudocephalic waves. Copulations takes about two hours, but the mass of snakes may remain entwined for several days. Females deposit up to 10 eggs in a crevice on the land. Only two nests have ever been discovered, so little is known about the how the hatchlings find their way to water. The lifespan of the banded sea krait is unknown. Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the banded sea krait as least concern. The species population is stable and the snake is abundant throughout its range. Significant threats to the snake include habitat destruction, coastal development, and light pollution. While the snake is a human food source, the threat from overharvesting is localized. Coral bleaching may impact the banded sea krait, as it may result in diminished prey abundance. Sources Guinea, Michael L.. Sea snakes of Fiji and Niue. In Gopalakrishnakone, Ponnampalam. Sea Snake Toxicology. Singapore Univ. Press. pp. 212–233, 1994. ISBN 9971-69-193-0.Lane, A.; Guinea, M.; Gatus, J.; Lobo, A. Laticauda colubrina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2010: e.T176750A7296975. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T176750A7296975.enRasmussen, A.R.;and J. Elmberg. Head for my tail: A new hypothesis to explain how venomous sea snakes avoid becoming prey. Marine Ecology. 30 (4): 385–390, 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00318.xShetty, Sohan and Richard Shine. Philopatry and Homing Behavior of Sea Snakes (Laticauda colubrina) from Two Adjacent Islands in Fiji. Conservation Biology. 16 (5): 1422–1426, 2002. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00515.xShine, R.; Shetty, S. Moving in two worlds: aquatic and terrestrial locomotion in sea snakes (Laticauda colubrina, Laticaudidae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 14 (2): 338–346, 2001. doi:10.1046/j.14 20-9101.2001.00265.x

Analysis of Windows Operating System and Microsoft

Analysis of Windows Operating System and Microsoft What is Windows? Windows is a personal computer operating system from Microsoft that, together with some commonly used business applications such as Microsoft PowerPoint, Word and Excel, has become a de facto â€Å"standard† for individual users in most corporations as well as in most homes. It provides a graphical user interface (GUI), virtual memory management, multitasking, and support for many peripheral devices. According to OneStat.com, as of August, 2006, Windows as a whole dominates the personal computer world, running on about 97% of the operating system market share, with XP accounting for about 87% of that. In comparison Mac OS has about 2% and Linux (with all distributions) about .36% The reason why this is so is mainly because Windows is much more user friendly and everything comes pre-packaged so user just have to run the application and follow instructions for it to install. There are many versions of Windows Operating System available namely: Windows 286 W indows 386 Windows 3.0 and 3.11 Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows NT Windows 2000 Windows CE for use in small mobile computers Windows Me Windows XP Windows Vista Windows 7 Among all those versions, Windows XP is the most popular one and it is used by 61.9 percent of Internet users, according to data from Net Applications, followed by Windows 7 which has 14.46 percent of users and Vista -14.34 percent. A Brief Story On Windows Windows mainly concentrated on providing an operating system which was user-friendly, stable and less prone to crashes when they were implementing earlier versions. Now, even though XP is generally referred to being stable and efficient compared to other copies of Windows, it is still critised for being overly susceptible to security risks. Therefore the successor of XP- Vista, released in January of 2007 was designed in such a way so as it provides more security. The transition time between Vista and XP is the longest one between versions of windows. Vulnerabilities Of Windows What is vulnerability? – â€Å"It is a weakness that makes a threat possible. â€Å" These vulnerabilities are used by attackers who exploits them to convey multiple attack, including enticing the users to open harmful and malicious media or to visit website which has a lot of viruses. These can have a lot of consequences. In the worst case, a hacker or attacker can get full access to the computer. Fortunately, windows provide a lot of solution to these vulnerabilities. The user just has to install the appropriate Microsoft patches or they are sometimes installed automatically with the help of Windows Update. Window Update Vulnerabilities can be compared to holes. They are like holes in the system. Windows periodically releases security patches mostly as Window Updates to fix those defects. There exists different level of security known as the â€Å"security level system† in Windows which describes the different levels of security holes: A critical security hole is â€Å"a vulnerability whose exploitation could allow the propagation of an Internet worm without user action.† An important hole is â€Å" A vulnerability whoses exploitation could result in compromise of the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of user’s data, or of the integrity or availability of processing recources.†

Reasearch Paper - Final Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Reasearch - Final - Research Paper Example In this regard, only blood samples from patients who were diagnosed positive for both tuberculosis and Hepatitis B Virus were considered for this study. Samples were collected from a hospital to facilitate sample collection exercise. As for the Hepatitis B Virus, further analysis that involves specific portions of the genome sequencing was done to classify the virus because it is form this that characterization of the genome could be done. Conclusions were then drawn after the characterization procedure. Hepatitis B virus is a double stranded DNA virus which exhibits four serotypes (adr, adw, ayr, ayw) and is subdivided into 8 genotypes, A-H. The virus belongs to the species of Orthohepadnavirus in the family Hepadnaviridae. The virus is known to co-infect with either other viruses or other infectious diseases. The virus is contracted through several routes: unprotected penetrative sex, contact of body fluid with infected persons, and blood transfusion from infected persons. Research studies have documented that HBV is more infectious than even HIV and HCV, and this explains its overwhelming prevalence in the world. Given the genotypic variation of the virus, this study was intended to establish the prevalence of the individual HBV genotypes in tuberculosis endemic areas. Unlike in HIV, the epidemiological prevalence of HBV with reference to the genotypic variation is not known. As stated in the introduction above, the virus (HBV) does exist in association with other know infectious diseases and aggravates the condition of the patients – a situation referred to as co-infection. Surprisingly, the specific genotypes of the HBV in all the cases are not known. A study in Korea reported that those with chronic HBV infection have the tendency to develop Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (Engels, Cho, and Jee, 2010). The findings of the study indicated that those with chronic HBV

Abuse of Drugs Prescription in a Primary Care and Its Prevention Research Paper

Abuse of Drugs Prescription in a Primary Care and Its Prevention - Research Paper Example As a result, medical practitioners and their respective patients have been in a constant limbo as to the trend that may bridge their status quo to future developments. This then has often resulted in the usage of narcotics primarily intended for malignant pain to chronic pain associated to either non-malignant cancer or even to some extent, primary care (Schneider, 1998).   Ã‚   According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), the improper prescription and usage of drugs has remarkably increased from 2008 to 2009 (Cullen et al., 2009). From an over-all rate of 8.0% in 2008 for individuals aged 12 and above, the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) noted a 0.7% increase in 2009. The Survey maintained that the significant increase is attributable to the prevalent usage of marijuana in teens and partly to the loose prescription of these narcotics of health practitioners to their patients.    Abuse of Prescription of Narcotics in Primary Care    Serious Threat of Opioid Abuse In the medical field, pain has been categorized in two. That is, the pain associated with malignant cancer on the one hand, and the pain allied with non-malignant cancer and other chronic pain. ... Following the medical prescription of opioid analgesics, misuse and abuse of the said narcotic have been the concomitant consequences. That is, according to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2009 Report) and the Drug Abuse Warning Network (2010), the United States is now faced with an alarming threat of opioid abuse. Chronic Non-Cancer Pain in Primary Care and Use of Opioids It is estimated that about 50 million Americans experience non-cancer chronic pain and a significant 41% of that population or approximately 20 million patients state that their prescriptions do little to alleviate the pain (Becker et al. 2011). Chronic pain associated with conditions other than cancer is usually treated in primary care clinics (Cullen et al., 2009). Extent of Opioid Misuse in Primary Care and Causes    Von Korff, Kolodny, Deyo and Chou (2011) stated that empirical evidence that would ascertain the degree of drug abuse and misuse among primary care patients are not available, but the surveys conducted to that effect have significantly shown the frequency of prescription ranges from a low of 4% to a notable 26%. However, this increase in opioid misuse and abuse is not singularly attributed to its widespread recognition (Wilsey et al., 2009). Primary Care Givers’ Need for Adequate Knowledge on Preventing Opioid Misuse The widespread abuse of opioid pain suppressants is not to be singularly attributed to the medical acceptance given to the said drug. Salloum (2010) stresses the importance of the said drug and maintains that the public should not let certain consequences of its prescription to obscure its advantages. However, certain parameters must be enacted so as to delimit and control its use and somehow combat the abuse and misuse

The French revolution collapse of the feudal systems and monarchies of Essay

The French revolution collapse of the feudal systems and monarchies of 18th century Europe - Essay Example The French Revolution which took place between 1789 to 1794, â€Å"marked the advent of modern society†1, both bourgeois and capitalist, in the history of France. The revolution brought about the national unity of the country through destruction of the privileged feudal orders considered as remnants of the Middle Ages. It is historically significant because the revolution successfully established a liberal democracy. Due to these double outcomes, in the perspective of world history, it can be considered as a classical model of a bourgeois revolution. However, the history of the French revolution is an integral part of European history. Earlier revolutions in other European countries such as Holland in the 16th century, and two revolutions in England in the 17th century, as well as the 18th century revolution in America paved the way for the French revolution. In all the European countries, the evolution ultimately resulted in the formation of modern society. With the different revolutions opposing the old economic and social system with its feudalism, the bourgeoise could benefit to varying degrees. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the reasons for the French Revolution and the collapse of the ancient monarchies and feudal systems of eighteenth century Europe. The Revolution began an era of change from the nineteenth century onwards, with the evolution of a democratic and equitable modern society. The Bourgeoisie Uprising: Cause of the French Revolution Lefebvre2 was a lifelong socialist, under the increasing influence of Marxism which assigns the bourgeoisie with the key role of representatives and beneficiaries of capitalism. According to this scholar, the rise of the bourgeoisie was the main cause of the French Revolution. After several centuries of increasing in numbers and wealth, the bourgeoisie class took control of power in France in 1789. Medieval society had been ruled over by a landed aristocracy, because the only f orm of wealth was land. However, by the eighteenth century, â€Å"economic power, personal abilities and confidence in the future had passed largely to the bourgeoisie†3 who were supported by a new form of wealth and a new ideology that was clearly defined. In 1789, the bourgeoisie overthrew the remaining aristocratic, feudal lords who had retained their dominance despite their economic decline. It was possible for the bourgeoisie to overthrow the aristocracy because the monarchy’s political authority had collapsed due to the lack of adequate funds. The reason for their inability to pay was that the aristocracy or privileged classes of nobility and clergy clung to their age-old privileges and immunity from paying. Moreover, they used their political power to prevent the king fom undertaking necessary reforms4. Following their ousting, the bourgeoisie established a regime based on the new distribution of economic power. Significantly, Lefebvre5 refers to four revolution ary movements in France between 1787 to 1789. First came the revolt of the aristocracy, which destroyed the monarchy. It was the culmination of an aristocratic resurgence which took place for over a century, in which the nobility had struggled to regain their pre-eminence in the social order, which Louis XIV had removed. In order to carrry out their revolution, the nobility had sought the support of the bourgeoisie; however the successful implementation of the movement provided the bourgeoisie with ideas to resolve their own problems. In the September of 1788, the parliament of Paris which formed the driving force behind the aristocratic reaction, required that the Estates-General promised by the government for 1789 should be constituted as they had been in 1614 at their last meeting. For the bourgeoisie this was not acceptable, since the forms of 1614 underscored aristocratic predominance. Under these circumstances the revolution of the bourgeoisie

General and Unitised Cargoes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

General and Unitised Cargoes - Essay Example In the other hand a good cargo service coupled with cost effective methods would redound to better business performance. Better cargo handling and stowage can only be achieved with good planning and better execution of plans. To be most successful in designing a cost effective cargo and stowage plan requires basic information crucial in the performance of cargo ships. These include data as to the ships capacity and the storage area's physical parameters. The ships capacity covers both volume and the weight of the total cargo which is an initial input to better planning. Another is the cargo itself. The cargo type including its physical conditions, forms, and other parameters are an important factor in determining storage location and handling methods. The ports of origin and destinations must also be evaluated. The data on ports conditions including availability of basic or sophisticated facilities for cargo handling and regulatory policies must be properly considered. Finally, the ships cargo history from port to port must also be analyzed for better planning. The cargo manager must take into conside ration what cargoes comes in and comes out in the ship from port to port including the types and volumes of these cargoes. Wilson and Roach (2000) clearly considers suitable placement of containers in a container-ship on a multi-port journey as a requirement to facilitate optimum ease in loading and unloading at subsequent ports. The Cargo Placement and Stowage Plan The aforementioned data combined together will be a very important tool in deciding what handling methods must be employed, where to place the cargoes, who must be involved, and how the stowing must be executed. Cargo placement In placing cargoes, the basic principle of what must come out first at destination port must comes in last at ports of origin must be considered. A carefully evaluated cargo listing will provide better cargo placement plan. Cargoes that must be unloaded in the nearest port must be located in areas where they can be moved without obstructions. Cargoes intended for last port of destination must be placed in more secure locations where they cannot obstruct loading and unloading at intermediary ports. Cargoes must also be placed according to physical and chemical compositions to avoid dangers of contaminations due to spillage and other accidents. Cargo managers today are more fortunate than earlier years due to availability of computerized systems of cargo placement planning. Simulation programs that generate good sub-optimal solutions to the stowage pre-planning problem are now available. The process is an analysis of the domain allowing the problem to be divided into a generalized placement strategy and a specialized placement procedure. The system refines the arrangement of containers within the cargo-space of a container ship until each container is specifically allocated to a stowage location. Better cargo placements is determined before it is really executed thereby providing room for better adjustment in a cost effective way (Wilson, Roach, & Ware, 2001). Use of these

Alienation from society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Alienation from society - Essay Example iestleys An Inspector Calls and Mark Haddons The Curious Incident Of The Dog In The Nigh-Time, both texts reveal alienation within some of the characters; however Priestleys play only reveals the onset of alienation of the characters because of Mr. and Mrs. Birling conforming to the social norm of the era, while Haddons Christopher Boone faces alienation because he sees the world differently than most people. Priestley portrays both Mr. and Mrs. Birling with typical characteristics of the upper class people in the early twentieth-century of English society which leads to the onset of alienation. Mr. and Mrs. Birling actions contradict with the term alienation from the Britannica Online Encyclopedia because they conform to the social norms of that time. Mr. Birling believes that ones destiny is under ones own control. Mr. Birling also believes that â€Å"a man has to make his own way---has to look after himself...and so long as he does that he wont come to much harm† (299). This suggests that Mr. Birling is a man who believes that everyone only needs to look after themselves and ignore what is going in society, which was a common belief of the upper class during that time. Mr. Birling fail to realize that he is living in a society where everyone’s actions towards each other can have a negative influence towards other people, so he is unconsciously closing himself from the re st of society. He believes that everyone should look after himself, thus the same can be said for the way Mr. Birling views the lower class people because he does not seem to care at all about the hardships of the laborers due to his belief that everything is in place and nothing needs to be done. Such mentality was common for the upper class people at the time who believed in the status quo. To Mr. Birling the labor strike is nothing more than â€Å"silly talk† from the workers: â€Å"Last month, just because the miners came out on strike, theres a lot of wild talk about possible labor trouble in

The French revolution collapse of the feudal systems and monarchies of Essay

The French revolution collapse of the feudal systems and monarchies of 18th century Europe - Essay Example The French Revolution which took place between 1789 to 1794, â€Å"marked the advent of modern society†1, both bourgeois and capitalist, in the history of France. The revolution brought about the national unity of the country through destruction of the privileged feudal orders considered as remnants of the Middle Ages. It is historically significant because the revolution successfully established a liberal democracy. Due to these double outcomes, in the perspective of world history, it can be considered as a classical model of a bourgeois revolution. However, the history of the French revolution is an integral part of European history. Earlier revolutions in other European countries such as Holland in the 16th century, and two revolutions in England in the 17th century, as well as the 18th century revolution in America paved the way for the French revolution. In all the European countries, the evolution ultimately resulted in the formation of modern society. With the different revolutions opposing the old economic and social system with its feudalism, the bourgeoise could benefit to varying degrees. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the reasons for the French Revolution and the collapse of the ancient monarchies and feudal systems of eighteenth century Europe. The Revolution began an era of change from the nineteenth century onwards, with the evolution of a democratic and equitable modern society. The Bourgeoisie Uprising: Cause of the French Revolution Lefebvre2 was a lifelong socialist, under the increasing influence of Marxism which assigns the bourgeoisie with the key role of representatives and beneficiaries of capitalism. According to this scholar, the rise of the bourgeoisie was the main cause of the French Revolution. After several centuries of increasing in numbers and wealth, the bourgeoisie class took control of power in France in 1789. Medieval society had been ruled over by a landed aristocracy, because the only f orm of wealth was land. However, by the eighteenth century, â€Å"economic power, personal abilities and confidence in the future had passed largely to the bourgeoisie†3 who were supported by a new form of wealth and a new ideology that was clearly defined. In 1789, the bourgeoisie overthrew the remaining aristocratic, feudal lords who had retained their dominance despite their economic decline. It was possible for the bourgeoisie to overthrow the aristocracy because the monarchy’s political authority had collapsed due to the lack of adequate funds. The reason for their inability to pay was that the aristocracy or privileged classes of nobility and clergy clung to their age-old privileges and immunity from paying. Moreover, they used their political power to prevent the king fom undertaking necessary reforms4. Following their ousting, the bourgeoisie established a regime based on the new distribution of economic power. Significantly, Lefebvre5 refers to four revolution ary movements in France between 1787 to 1789. First came the revolt of the aristocracy, which destroyed the monarchy. It was the culmination of an aristocratic resurgence which took place for over a century, in which the nobility had struggled to regain their pre-eminence in the social order, which Louis XIV had removed. In order to carrry out their revolution, the nobility had sought the support of the bourgeoisie; however the successful implementation of the movement provided the bourgeoisie with ideas to resolve their own problems. In the September of 1788, the parliament of Paris which formed the driving force behind the aristocratic reaction, required that the Estates-General promised by the government for 1789 should be constituted as they had been in 1614 at their last meeting. For the bourgeoisie this was not acceptable, since the forms of 1614 underscored aristocratic predominance. Under these circumstances the revolution of the bourgeoisie