Qualitative Analysis-Part 2 Anions Essay

Chloride Solution + 0. 1M AgNO3 =white precipitate formed, very fine texture. Iodide solution + 0. 1M AgNO3 =yellow/white precipitate formed, cloudy texture. Silver Chloride + ammonium hydroxide = white precipitate forms, slowly begins to disappear. Adding HNO3 the reappearance of a white precipitate began, indicating the presence of the chloride. SO4 solution + 0. 5mL of BaCl2-CaCl2 = heated for about 10minutes, fine white precipitate throughout test tube. 5drops of 6M HCl + SO4 = no change indicating no reaction took place, confirming that sulphate is not present in solution. Unknown Substance: When testing for carbonates, little to no reaction took place indicating no presence of carbonates. While testing for Chloride and Iodide, my solution reacted with sulphric acid and a yellow-ish colour change took place. No reaction took place when added to hydrochloric acid or barium hydroxide. Sulphate was tested for and no reactions or changed underwent, confirming that it is not present in the solution. Ammonium hydroxide was not needed due to Ag not being present in solution. Iodide present, upon liberation of CH2Cl2 solution, red-ish/brown colour change along with 2 separate layers forming. Discussion: In wastewater and drinking water today, there are many ions and anions alike that we make come into contact with and have to test for. These tests allowed me to get a first hand experience on testing for certain anions in a known and unknown substance. It is important to be able to detect substance in solutions, known tests are designed to allow one chemical react with another chemical to confirm the presence or absence of anions. By running a series of reactions, it provides a clear understanding of what chemicals are present in what solutions. This then allowed me to test for unknown anions in an unknown solution. These tests are important because it could cause the plants to change the processes that are taken to clear and purify our water. Conclusion: My solution was present with Iodide after running a series of experiments. It is known that a red/brown colour change will partake and two layers will form. Both of these things took place confirming what was mentioned above. Questions: 1. What is an ion? An ion is an atom or molecule that undergoes change. 2. What is a polyatomic anion? A polyatomic anion is a charged ion made up of 2 or more atoms covalently bonded. 3. What products are produced when an acid like H2SO4 reacts with a carbonate like CaCO3? Why is this type of reactions so important for the fresh waters of southern Ontario? H2CO3 and CaSO4 would be produced, this type of reaction is important to the fresh waters of southern Ontario because this allows for better for vegetation which helps keep the water clean. 4. What is a quantitative analysis? How does it differ from a qualitative analysis? A quantitative analysis is the detection of the presence of chemical elements in an unknown substance as to where qualitative analysis used to separate

Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: American Perspective Many of the pieces if literature have different perspectives on the American society and government and also have different affects on the readers. One piece of literature that really deals with American society in the 19th century is Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. This piece of literature deals with racism and the different reforms the government was trying to enforce, which made some people quite upset, along with giving different perspectives of society at this time.One of the character's in this story is referred to as Pap. This is Huck Finn's father and he seems to be in the lower social class of society. He is an alcoholic who thinks the government is against him and also believes the government is stupid for its different reforms, especially the one that lets Negros be free and not slaves in the South if they have not been there for a long enough time. He believes that all Negros should be slaves and that the government is stupid for not implementing that belief.The whole issue with slaves is not an issue anymore, but still many people are racists, including the older generation. This type of attitude is still held by some people, that Negros should be held at a lower class because they are not good as white people or that the Negros think they are better than white people. Pap also believes the justice system is corrupt and it is all about power. He refuses to give custody of Huck to Judge Thatcher and the Widow because he feels like he has more right to Huck because he is his father, even though he has a history of neglect and abuse.This reflects some of the lower class even now because some people feel like their children should not be taken away from them, even though they abuse them or neglect them or something that is just not legal. They will disrespect the justice system and say several crude statements about our justice system. Pap is a character in this novel that reflects some of the lowest in the lower class in American society from the 19th century and now. Pap makes one think about how the members of the lower class act.Some of the lower class are proud people and refuse to act this way, but there are the alcoholics and drug addicts of this class that gives everyone a bad name. Pap represents the worst of the lower class for the 19th century and he displays that not much has changed for these types of people, other than now they take money from the government and then say the government is horrible. This novel shows other perspectives of American society. There is Jim, who is a slave, which gives almost the opposite perspectives to Pap.Jim is a genuinely nice person when he is even lower than Pap in social ranking. The Widow gives a different perspective. She does not speak much about her view of the government but she is perceived as lower class to middle class. She believes everyone should be civilized, which Pap and Huck are not. She g ives a very different perspective then Pap, Huck, or Jim. Then there is the perception of society Huck has. He wants to run away from it all. He does not want to be part of a society where he has to be civilized.He is a typical teenager and some teens in the present think and act in these ways. The different perspectives represented in this book seem to be represented even now, in 2013. This piece of literature changed my perspective on America because it made me realize that this is still how many Americans act in society today. There might be different issues, but there is still the attitudes that are displayed in this piece of literature. People think we have moved forward and become better, but we truly have not done this.This book may not be modern, but it applies to many modern situations and behaviors of the different social classes and the government. All one has to do is read this book and think about the ignorant people in our society and realize we have not really changed at all in the past 150 to 200 years other than more equal rights and we have all gotten lazier because of technology. Those are the only differences in our society now, and this novel made me realize this.

Computer Science Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Computer Science - Coursework Example Morals talk about sujective own doctrines concerning wrong and right. This essay discusses morality and ethics and the social framework of ethics in the society. Morals have a bigger social component to principles and have a habit of having a very broad approval. Morals are broadly more about upright and wicked than other principles. We therefore critic other people more intensely based on morals than principles. An individual can be termed as wicked, however there is no word for them not succeeding principles. Values or routine with regard to good or bad conduct. While moralities also recommend dos and donts, principles is eventually a subjective scope of good and bad. Since we have faith in in something being good or bad. Typically stable, however can transform if a person’s faith change. Moral individual even if conceivably certain by a higher agreement, may opt to trail a code of conduct as it would relate to an ethic framework "Make it fit". Ethics rise above cultural customs (Velasquez et al., 2015). Some individuals reason that there are universal guidelines that apply to every person. This kind of reasoning is known as moral absolutism. Moral absolutism disputes that there are some ethical guidelines that are constantly correct and that these guidelines can be revealed and that these guidelines are applicable to all individuals. Immoral deeds are actions which go againist these ethical guidelines are regarded as wrong regardless of the conditions or the results of those deeds. Absolutism perceives a worldwide outlook of mortality. With absolutism there is one established rule for all individuals which facilitates the enlisting of universal guidelines such as the Assertion of Human Rights. Certainly more and more individuals reason that for several moral concers there isnt a single good response just a collection of

International Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

International Business - Research Paper Example The interviewer should not mind not being entertained with a hand-shake from a Saudi official of the opposite sex, and ideally, not offer a hand-shake to a Saudi official of the opposite sex in the first place. Gift-giving is not a norm though something small as a gift is recommendable. Saudi men do not like being gifted flowers, as they are deemed suitable for gifting to women. One should refrain from offering alcohol to Saudi officials unless one is sure that they partake. Saudi officials do not open gifts in front of the giver. When invited for an interview, it is more recommendable to arrange a nice Arabian feast rather than a gift. Suitable places for socialization with Saudis are international hotels and restaurants. Saudis choose restaurants and hotels for interviews particularly with expatriates that are unfamiliar to them. Once association is developed with them, Saudis may offer an invitation of a visit to their homes. However, an international hotel is never a wrong choice while selecting location for interview with Saudi officials. If an interview is arranged at the home of a Saudi official, the interviewer is expected to remove the shoes at the entrance and he/she should be dressed conservatively. While Saudi officials appreciate punctuality, being a little late does not jeopardize the interview. Elder Saudi officials expect to be greeted first. It is recommendable for the interviewer to accept the offer of dates and Arabian coffee by the interviewee even if the interviewer normally does not drink coffee. If invited for a meal, the interviewer should expect a lot of socializing and discussion before the meal is actually served. However, there is very little, if any, talking during eating. Although many Saudi officials serve the meal on a dining table, yet the interviewer should not be surprised if the meal is placed on a sheet laid on the floor. In such a setting, the interviewer should either kneel on one knee or sit cross-legged. Most

ISO Standards and Excellence - (work sheet ) CLO 5 Assignment

ISO Standards and Excellence - (work sheet ) CLO 5 - Assignment Example ls processes that will ensure the product or service is to the level which the customers appreciate or in another view making the quality of the product be of the quality equal to or better than what the competitors are offering. As such the constant monitoring and developing of the product constitutes improvement of a product or a service. Maintenance is the process of returning to its normal performance when a process’s performance deteriorates and is then restored to its historic performance level, no improvement has occurred in the process’s capability. Improvement takes the process to a new, higher level of performance, or renders the process more reliable, more consistent, or less likely to permit operator induced errors while maintenance is the process of returning to its normal performance when a process’s performance deteriorates and is then restored to its historic performance level, no improvement has occurred in the process’s capability. In an effort to sustain continual improvement the ISO9000 has some requirements in place to oversee this. They include: ensuring the availability of resources, getting the quality policy, getting in touch with the organization especially regarding the importance of being able to fulfill the needs of the customer as well as other needs such as the regulatory and statutory needs, conducting reviews of management and ensuring the quality objectives are established. The world class is where the world class organizations believe that good enough is never good enough while best practice they constantly seek to raise the performance and quality bars for their organizations and products or services. Management and organizational commitment is best for an organization because the leadership, commitment and the active involvement of the top management are essential for developing and maintaining an effective and efficient system of management that may be considered as quality. Management responsibility is contained

Contemporary Retailing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contemporary Retailing - Essay Example Contemporary Retailing The question outlines about the approach of the retailers which has undergone a radical shift in the last 30 years. The question of discussion in this context will be how retailers have moved from being market – driven company to a market driving company. This shift has been termed as growth by various industry experts and practitioners around the world. The study will therefore mainly discuss about the factors that led to this drastic change and growth of the retailers. In addition, the potential implication of the same will be evaluated in the context of current market scenario. Before getting into deep, the study will throw light on the differences between the concepts of ‘market driven’ and ‘market-driving’. There are drastic differences between the two concepts; a company which is market driven mainly reacts to the need of the customers. These companies generally bring the changes in their system on the basis of the changes in consumer dynamics. On the contrary, companies which are deemed as market driving are more future oriented and have better ability to envisage the future. These companies constantly come up with new products and services and surprises customers with their innovative offerings. Now the statement which will be evaluated is ‘retailers have moved from being ‘market-driven’ to being ‘market-driving’ in that their power has increased significantly in the last 30 years’.... The question of discussion in this context will be how retailers have moved from being market – driven company to a market driving company. This shift has been termed as growth by various industry experts and practitioners around the world. The study will therefore mainly discuss about the factors that led to this drastic change and growth of the retailers. In addition, the potential implication of the same will be evaluated in the context of current market scenario. Before getting into deep, the study will throw light on the differences between the concepts of ‘market driven’ and ‘market-driving’. There are drastic differences between the two concepts; a company which is market driven mainly reacts to the need of the customers. These companies generally bring the changes in their system on the basis of the changes in consumer dynamics. On the contrary, companies which are deemed as market driving are more future oriented and have better ability to en visage the future. These companies constantly come up with new products and services and surprises customers with their innovative offerings. Now the statement which will be evaluated is ‘retailers have moved from being ‘market-driven’ to being ‘market-driving’ in that their power has increased significantly in the last 30 years’. The market driving approach has allowed them to experience the competitive edge as well as increased power (Bhasker, 2006). This is because the dependence on consumer preferences has greatly reduced as with constant innovation they are actually creating and changing the preferences of the consumers. On the contrary, a retailer which pursued market driven

Social Networking Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Networking - Research Proposal Example The synergy of the quantitative and qualitative approaches in the mixed method approach was necessary to address the research problem in its totality. The fact that the entire sample would be coming from the same university also ensured consistency in the measurement of one of the variables, which was the respondents' academic standing. This variable relates to the effects of the use of social networking on students. The study used the nonprobability sampling technique since it would not be practical and feasible to do scientific random sampling (Trochim, 2006) from the entire student population of the University of Chester's Warrington campus given the scope and limitations of the study. From among the nonprobability sampling techniques, purposive sampling (Trochim, 2006) was used, targeting undergraduate students of the university. This enabled the researcher to have quick access to the target sample since undergraduates make up the majority of the student population. Under purposive sampling, nonproportional quota sampling (Trochim, 2006) was then used to ensure that male a... Under purposive sampling, nonproportional quota sampling (Trochim, 2006) was then used to ensure that male and female students were represented, although not necessarily according to their actual distribution in the target population. Since the distribution of male and female students in general is not a fixed proportion in all schools, proportion was not deemed to be a relevant factor and representation of both genders was ensured instead. Of the 50 respondents for the study, the target was to have no less than 20 male students and no less than 20 female students. The respondents were then chosen from among volunteers who fit the criteria, on a first-come-first-serve basis, ensuring that the minimum number of male and female students was met. Discussion of Variables Quantitative variables (Quantitative data analysis, n.d.) covered by the study are the age of the respondents, number of male and female respondents, number of respondents who participate in social networking, the number of social networking sites joined by the respondent, the number of hours per day spent by the respondent on social networking sites, the number of hours per day spent by the respondent online, the number of hours per day spent by the respondent in recreational activities outside social networking sites, the number of hours per day spent by the respondent in class, the number of hours per day spent by the respondent studying outside class and the quality point average (QPA) of the respondent in the previous term. The QPA of the respondent for the previous term is the closest most accurate measure possible for the respondent's academic standing. This measure was meant to be used to correlate the effect of the respondent's level of participation in social

Managing Across Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing Across Culture - Essay Example The immigrants or those who take part in the act of moving from their original location to other locations suffer the risk of mixed cultural changes. There are certain extents at which these cultural changes lead to indifferences and cultural conflicts. The degree of negativity is overcome by the instillation of positive attitudes and believes of social understanding. The positive aspects lead to good interaction and communication between two or more groups from different cultures (Paulson, 1993). The people from different cultures and norms are usually advised to acknowledge their cultural differences, respect those of others, face the reality and learn how to coexist with each other than fight or argue over their differences. The biggest challenge that is usually faced when trying to achieve this is the presence of non-verbal gestures, which are usually hard to comprehend but are expressed by majority of the different cultures to illustrate superiority or to lower the dignity of a certain culture. Verbal communication can be termed as one of the challenges that are faced by different people from different cultures and locations but are not necessarily the main problem. The main cause of distress and differences that is mostly experienced by different cultures is the process of understanding and accepting each other’s culture without debating on which is superior and inferior. Problems Experienced between Different Cultures In this discussion essay, the culture of different people and their relations with each other will be made with regards to the American state of cultural values and understanding. The U.S. will be the centre of reference since research has indicated that the citizens of U.S. are conscious of the cultures of other people than those that live in the Northern America although the whole of America will also be used as reference to clarify and illustrate the effects of cultural differences and the ways of controlling them (Hofstede, 1997) . The immigrants that come from other parts of the world to settle in America experience all sorts of difficulties before they adapt to their new way of life. The challenges that they undergo before earning full citizenship, allowance to work, and move freely take time, commitment and dedication. In case the immigrants choose to settle and start families in the U.S., they usually name their children according to the rules that are set by the American laws and earn the right for their children just like any other American citizens. The acceptance and respect of different cultural values makes it possible for different cultures to live and work together due to the availability of a common agenda and mutual understanding (Hofstede, 1997). The presence of a child strengthens the stay of the parents in the American soil since the risk of deportation fails to exist. This is because deportation would mean that the child would be left an orphan since he or she would have no parents in case the parents are deported. It has been the culture of the American laws to follow up the development of every child within its jurisdiction. The laws governs the way the children are brought up and raised in healthy and nutritious conditions thus embracing the children born of other cultures but in the American soil. This illustrates that there is a mutual understanding and connection between all people from all parts of the world

Role of the Media in American Politics Essay Example for Free

Role of the Media in American Politics Essay A free and open media is essential to a functioning democracy. Its role in politics is to â€Å"encourage democratization, strengthen the rule of law and promote institution building† (UN News Center). In order for a democracy to work properly, citizens need to be informed on the issues at hand, in a fair and unbiased manner, so they can make sound decisions as to which candidates to vote for. The role of the media in democracy has been realized since the institute’s earliest inception. In 1791 the 1st Amendment was made to the Bill of Rights, and it stated that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or the press; or the right of the people to peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances† (PBS). If free press becomes compromised, such as being taken over and run by biased private corporations, then a country’s democracy is at risk, and it can lead to the country becoming a fascist state. In America, the media plays a decisive role in politics and in determining which agendas are successful and which are not and whether or not it has been compromised by private interest continues to be debated. Bias in the Media Whether or not any press can be truly free remains a subject of much debate. Media outlets, just like any other enterprise, rely on a steady flow of funds in order to operate. Thus, they rely on sponsors either through the sales of advertisements or through government funding. Media outlets also much appeal to the demands and tastes of the audience. Various media outlets must compete amongst each other for viewers, so catering to the tastes of that audience becomes a science. â€Å"Restricted by the limited tastes of the audience and reliant upon political elites for most information, journalists participate in an interdependent news system, not a free market of ideas† (Entman 3). Since the media depends on private funds and large numbers of viewers, it is possible that its agenda becomes compromised, from giving a fair and unbiased news report to one that caters towards the tastes of viewers and investors. While media outlets do have the opportunity to be biased, depending on their audience and funding, there are still a wide range of mass media outlets for viewers to choose from. Viewers have a choice as to where to get their news from. If one station seems biased towards one viewpoint, the channel can quickly be changed. Over the decades, technology has increased the ways in which a viewer can get their news. In the 1970’s, television was the main outlet for mass media. There were just seven channels available to the average household, and these captured 80% of all viewing. However, technology has changed this dramatically. In 2005, 85% of households had access to satellite or cable TV and had on average a hundred channels to choose from. Today, viewers can also choose to get their news not just from TV but also from the Internet and smart phones (Muntz 224). With the wide range of choices as to where to get the news, it would not be presumptuous to expect a wider range of political viewpoints to be expressed from various media outlets. However, this does not appear to be the case. Journalists themselves are also inherently biased. While the goal of journalism is to give a fair and unbiased representation of the story being covered, a reporter’s personal views, preferences, and identifications with an issue or politician will undoubtedly come into play. As well, journalists themselves are seeking a successful career in media. In order to be successful, and stand out, they must cover stories that â€Å"make it onto the front page or get lots of airtime on the evening news† (Zaller 21-22). Those stories that get on the front page are those that appeal to the public. Thus, those journalists are mare most adept at appealing to the interests of the public are those that are the most successful (Zaller 22). Thus, the audience may often times end up receiving information that is more sensational than it is unbiased and informational. Despite the wide range of choices as to where to get their news, it has been observed that the public’s viewpoints, as well as those of media outlets, have become increasingly polarized over the years (Muntz 224). It has been proposed selectivity is to blame, that is, peoples inherent nature to select those outlets which best represent their own ideals. â€Å"Selectivity can take place at several junctures with respect to mass media, including exposure to a particular source of political news, attention to what the source says, and biased interpretation when processing the content of political news† (Muntz 225). It is human nature to want to avoid that information which conflicts with their preexisting ideas and beliefs. Thus, while media outlets may offer viewers information, the audience is not necessarily going to listen to the information in a fair and unbiased manner. Thus, bias in the media is a two-way street between media outlets and the viewer’s themselv es. The Media and Political Campaign Coverage The media and politics come most closely into play during presidential elections. Every four years, politicians battle it out to see who will win the most favor from the American people to become the next president. It is the job of the media outlets to inform the public about the various political candidates. During elections, the candidates can get quite negative on each other. The media, as it should, covers the stories behind negative campaign advertisements, political speeches and debates. Politicians who run the most negative campaigns, thus, can end up getting the most media coverage. This can lead towards voter bias on both sides. For example, during the 2012 campaign, the republican candidates received a great deal of media coverage. The candidates – Mitt Romney, Newt Gringrich, Ron Paul and Rick Santorum – were competing for republican nomination. The democratic nominate was assured, as it was the incumbent Barack Obama. So, there was far less media scrutiny on Barack Obama and his issues, such as the success of his healthcare act or his wishy-washy stance on Super PAC’s (Mark). Voters were more informed on the issues, and negative campaigning, of the republican candidates. Politicians rely on media politics to both win elections and to mobilize public support for causes and the implementation of projects while they are in office (Zaller 1-2). Thus, they rely on journalists and reporters to get their story out to audiences. However, the story that journalists choose to get out may not be the one the candidate wishes. This happens when the press uncovers a skeleton in the closet of a politician, or when a candidate suddenly changes their position on an issue and the media exposes them as wishy-washy (Zaller 13). Depending on the candidate, the media can be either a boon or a bust to their political career. Citizens also rely on media coverage in order to know who to vote for. The public wants to know what kind of morals and ethics a politician has and what their stance is on issues that are important to them. Individuals all have different issues they want to see addressed during a presidential campaign, ranging from taxes to abortion. Mass media outlets will poll their audiences, and study their demographics, in order to know which types of stories their audience will be most likely to identify with and those are the stories that will be covered in the news. Media and Government Exposure The media also plays a strong role in keeping the government honest by exposing scandal and controversy. In the early 1900’s, during what is known as the Progressive Era, a new style of investigative journalism was born. Dubbed by Theodore Roosevelt as â€Å"muckrakers†, these journalists â€Å"revealed illegal and unsavory practices of capital, labor, and state and local government† (PBS). Fast forward to the 1970’s, and it was the same type of muckrakers who exposed the Watergate scandal. However, while democracy relies on the ability of investigative journalism to expose scandals, this type of investigative reporting can also lead to sensationalism and stories that are overly sordid. While the media can over sensationalize certain stories, it can also under expose them as well. An example would be the Iran-contra scandal. Before its exposure in late 1986, the Reagan administration has denied that Oliver North had supported the Nicaraguan contra rebels during the congressional ban on its aid. Most members of the media, as well members of congress, simply accepted the denials and failed to investigate the story (Entman 6). Another example is the way in which the media exposed the Watergate scandal. When the crimes actually occurred, in 1972, Nixon was running for re-election. During this time, the media only presented sporadic reports to the public, leaving them ill-informed about the issue. Had the public been more aware of the scandal and its implications, they may have decided not to re-elect Mr. Nixon. Instead, he was re-elected and later impeached, which was an embarrassing scandal for America. Public Misinformation and Media Responsibility The public accepts for fact that what they are told by the media. They trust the media to give them the whole story and for that story to be truthful, correct and unbiased. However, despite this, viewers of mass media have been found to still be poorly informed. For example: â€Å"Six months into the Iraq war, a study by the Program on International Policy Attitudes at the University of Maryland found that FOX News viewers were more likely than consumers of any other major media outlet source to have mistaken beliefs about Iraq. Including the belief that U.S. led forces had already found weapons of mass destruction there. This belief was held by one out of every three FOX viewers at the time, compared to only one out of ten respondents who cited PBS or NPR as their main source of news (Boehlert et al).† Media Matters, an online news source, has exposed media sources, like FOX, That systematically misinform the public (Boehlert et al). Individuals who are loyal to a specific media outlet trust them to give them the true facts, however, this trust may not be warranted. Viewers must also be held responsible for doing their own research in order to fully understand an issue. Citizens depend on media to be the watchdogs of government, but who then is watching the media? Organizations like Media Matters seek to expose bias in media. Getting this message out to the public has become easier with advances in technology and the emergence of social media. New Media A new type of media has begun to emerge as a result of the rise of social media and the Internet. Many people get their news today not from a TV or print newspaper but from internet sites, blogs, and social media sites like Twitter and Facebook. â€Å"The World Wide Web and the accompanying explosion in â€Å"new media† have forced an upheaval in U.S. politics in at least four areas, creating 1) innovative ways to reach voters; 2) a radically changed news system; 3) an unprecedented flood of small donors; and 4) newly empowered interest groups on the left and right† (Edsall). The internet is an inexpensive way for politicians to gain maximum exposure. Even candidates with smaller campaign funds can reach a large audience if they are savvy to the ways of social media and blogging. Since their overhead is lower, small internet based media outlets do not have to rely on advertisers to keep their ventures afloat. Thus, their coverage does not need to bend to the whim of corporate sponsors. In turn, the Internet also allows for constituents to feel more connected to politicians. They can follow their personal Twitter and Facebook pages, which may or, more likely, may not be updated by the actual politician themselves, but more likely a paid staff member. However, the level of intimacy between the candidate and the public is heightened, and this may gain them more favor and, in the end, more votes. The internet has given a voice and the power to change to even the most marginal players. For example, during the 2008 presidential election, an aide to Senator Barack Obama made a pseudo campaign ad depicting Hilary Clinton as an all-powerful dictator. The ad was played on YouTube and received over 1 million hits. While the ad itself may not have changed the course of the election, it did show just how powerful the Internet can be in coloring public opinion (Edsall). Conclusion If it is true that democracy depends on the existence of a free and unbiased media, then it may be argued that the United States if far from a true democracy. Bias is inherent in media: in the media outlets themselves, in the various members of government and politics, in the journalists who report the news and in the way in which viewers and audiences interact with media. However, the ideal that democracy depends on a truly free and unbiased media may be an unrealistic expectation because, in fact, the media will always be biased because that is just part of its nature. We do not live in an ideal world, and ideals quickly fade in the face of everyday reality. Media must change along with its changing society and political environment. In this way, it does represent the ideals and values of the day. Today, we are witness to a time of great change in terms of technology and the way in which information is disseminated. Just as quickly as the political environment is changing so is the media that covers it. New technology is giving rise to the exposure of political corruption and government incompetence. It is giving a voice to the under paid and underrepresented voices of the public. So in fact, it appears that the media is still doing its job. However, it is still up to the individual to remain informed on the issues at hand and to remain a loyal and informed citizen by scrutinizing the media just as they scrutinize the government.

The Great Gatsby Essay Example for Free

The Great Gatsby Essay The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, introduces the reader to scenes of violence that contribute to the meaning of the complete work. Wealthy, powerful characters such as Tom Buchanan are the major causes of violence introduced because they are selfish and careless. Through an accident that killed Myrtle Wilson, or the passionate murder of an innocent man, Fitzgerald incorporates themes of the novel. The violent act that begins the downward spiral in The Great Gatsby is when Tom Buchanan hits Myrtle, his mistress, in the face. It was a body capable of enormous leverage — a cruel body (Fitzgerald, 12). † is how Nick describes Tom’s intimidating physique when he first meets him. So it is not surprising that when Myrtle begins to taunt him by repeating his wife’s name that he reacted and â€Å"broke her nose with his open hand (Fitzgerald, 41). † This scene of violence demonstrates that people like Tom, living in East Egg, think that they are better than everyone else and can disrespect or ignore others because of social status. This is the underlying cause of the deaths in the novel. One of the most tragic scenes of violence occur when Daisy Buchanan is driving in the car with Gatsby, returning home from their dramatic visit to the city with her husband. She is hysterical because Tom revealed that Gatsby is a bootlegger. While passing through the Valley of Ashes, Myrtle runs out to the car because her husband is forcing her to move and she needs help. â€Å"The ‘death car,’ as the newspapers called it, didn’t stop; it came out of the gathering darkness, wavered tragically for a moment and then disappeared around the next bend (Fitzgerald 144). is how the killing is described. As a result of Daisy’s recklessness, she brutally ran over Myrtle Wilson. Besides the fact that Myrtle was murdered, the importance of this scene is that Daisy did not even stop to take a look at the damage her state had caused. Her ignorance ultimately was the cause of Gatsby’s death. Fitzgerald purposely included wealthy, irresponsible characters in his novel that caused the violence and completed story. To sum up the importance of the crowd with â€Å"old money†, this is a quote from when Nick is speaking to rejected Gatsby. He says, â€Å"They were careless people, Tom and Daisy- they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made. (Fitzgerald, 188)† It is clear that all they cared about was themselves, and after the murders occurred, they left town and did not attend one funeral. The last act of violence, when Gatsby is murdered, leaves an important impression on the reader and the novel. George Wilson is devastated by his wife’s death and thinks that God wants him to kill the person who is responsible for it. Naturally, he went to the Buchanan’s to get some answers because it was their car. Tom was in a fragile state because he truly loved Myrtle, and directed George to Gatsby. Gatsby did not kill anybody but he paid the price for it. He was laying in his extravagant pool and saw â€Å"that ashen, fantastic figure gliding toward him through the amorphous trees (Fitzgerald, 172). † First George shot Gatsby, then he shot himself and ended two innocent lives. It was because Gatsby constantly chased one single dream his whole life that the scene of violence had to happen. Daisy was not good for him, and dreams keep getting pushed farther and farther away from people because the past is haunting and unchangeable. The violent scenes Fitzgerald included in The Great Gatsby are the altering moments that support the underlying themes of the past, society and class, and love. Tom’s powerful nature, cheating on his wife, and violence represent the danger and authority. Fitzgerald made a point to include careless, wealthy characters in the novel that contributed to completing the violence and work as a whole.

Franchising In Hospitality Industry Commerce Essay

Franchising In Hospitality Industry Commerce Essay The following paper deals with a recent type of management entitled franchising. In the hospitality industry and currently within Accor, the franchise has become a real stake and strategy to continue to perform. Accor Hospitality is an international player which has decided to turn its strategy into a franchise system that combines company owned hotels and franchisees. Nevertheless, such a network has to be livened up and controlled in order to perpetuate the reputation and then the business. Therefore the case study sustained by qualitative research aims at suggests recommendation to the company, but key issues need to be viewed and overcome first. Foreword This report is to summarize the experience of a six-month internship within the Business Intelligence department of Accor Hospitalitys headquarter, as well as to demonstrate my personal understanding of the changing of strategy, by confronting and comparing theory with practice, identifying its pros cons as well as its key factors of success in the hospitality industry. For my third and final year of business studies at INSEEC, I chose to major in International Business Strategy. This is a Master of Business qualification run in partnership with the SRH Hochschule in Berlin. The two main reasons for this choice were due to my strong interest in discovering many cultures and ways of conducting business and strategies. On the one hand, my strong interest in acquiring skills in business analysis in the hospitality industry, combined with the importance of the hospitality industry worldwide, oriented my applications to Business Analysis positions within this sector. On the other hand, my personal motivation for discovering new cultures, coupled with my academic qualifications and my language skills also encouraged me to apply in International companies where I could speak as much English as possible. As a French student extremely interested in working in a multicultural environment, the ACCOR group seemed to be a fantastic opportunity. As a Business Analyst I was part of the Business Intelligence team and reported directly to the Director of Strategy and Business Performance. I had to have full experience of distribution, and work on the different aspects of analyzing the business that such a position commands. My personal mission within the team has been to provide support to the two Business Analysts, and help them make reports related to the Distribution strategies. As a team, we were accountable to understand the needs of the various brands and teams, then to create tools to provide accurate information (project managers) and finally to analyze the data (business analysts). Therefore, in my position, I was in charge of carrying out three main functions: Updating the Distribution Monthly Report for the Top Management for both Direct and Indirect Sales Analyzing the hotels performance worlwide Answering to Adhoc demands in order to measure the impact of promotional offers. This report, however, has its limits. A valid quantitative study for example, would have allowed me to support and corroborate my findings with the franchisees satisfaction and suggestions regarding their links with the franchisor. As well, it would be promising to investigate some topics as for example the behavioural customer evolution regarding the hospitality industry or develop further some of the challenges the hospitality industry is facing applying Dynamic Pricing, as they could easily be the subjects of a study on their own. Finally, both on a personal and professional level, my experience within Accor Hospitality headquarter in Evry has been a real success. All I can believe for the future is to have a chance to further develop my analysis skills in similar conditions: team spirit, communication and trust. Acknowledgements Firstly, I am extremely grateful to Pierrick Le Masne for giving me the chance of being parts of the Strategy and Business performance department within the ACCORs headquarter in Paris. I would like to express many thanks to Alison Broussy for welcoming me in her Business Intelligence team and sharing her expertise, training and giving me the opportunity to further develop my business analysis skills over the last six months. I would like to add special thanks to Nicolas Leseurre, Fara Rabesoa, for sharing their experience and knowledge with me. I am also thankful to Isabelle Duflot and Olivier Poujol for sharing their thoughts and opinions regarding Project Management. Finally, I would like to thank the overall team for the warm welcome and team spirit I have received since being part of this company these past few months. Table of Content Introduction 1 Tapez le titre du chapitre (niveau  2) 2 Tapez le titre du chapitre (niveau  3) 3 Tapez le titre du chapitre (niveau  1) 4 Tapez le titre du chapitre (niveau  2) 5 Tapez le titre du chapitre (niveau  3) 6 Introduction Franchising is an ancient type of network that is simple, formalized in its organization and in its functioning (Anderson and Coughlan, 2002; Blair and Lafontaine 2005). However, literature on the control of the franchising network are seldom particularly in France, whereas it is a rich and interesting lead of research (Elango and Fried, 1997). Franchising is a way of doing business that has grown fast, and more particularly in Europe. The reason can be found in the will for the franchisor to develop its network quickly and for the franchisee to benefit from an expertise in a specific field. France is the European leader and has seen its franchising network doubled within the last ten years and acknowledges a constant growth between 8% and 11% for 5 years. Even in a crisis period, franchising has continued to grow thanks to the support and training provided by the franchisor. All sectors taken together, France owns 1,234 networks  [2]  of franchisor and 49,094 franchisee, and realizes a turnover of about 47.7 billion Euros in 2008. Franchising has been defined as a system of marketing goods and/or services and/or technology, which is based upon a close and ongoing collaboration between legally and financially separate and independent undertakings, the Franchisor and its individual Franchisees, whereby the Franchisor grants its individual Franchisee the right, and imposes the obligation, to conduct a business in accordance with the Franchisors concept.  [3]   In other word, the definition underlines that a franchising network is a complex organization where the relationship and trust between the franchisor and franchisees are essential. When a company decides to develop its know-how into franchising it is because the company has gained a certain maturity and expertise in its activity and then will be able to convey the operational management to its franchisees. Within the Hospitality Industry, it exists different ways of managing a hotel. Indeed, a hotel can be a subsidiary as an entire part of the corporate company, a managed hotel or a franchisee. ACCOR is a company that has been created in 1967 with the first opening of a Novotel. Then, step by step the company has opened several hotels in France and in Europe and further worldwide. Owning many hotels the company has known how to become a leader in that field. Today, leader in France and in Europe, the company wants to become more present worldwide and has recently decided to change its business model. This changing of strategy called asset right is a real stake because it is going to disrupt an organization which relies on a family mind, history and way of running the business. As a part of the Accor team, this research would like to expose the changing of the Accor strategy from an hotels owner to a franchisor. The case study would outlines how the company can optimize the relationship between itself and its franchisees within a mixed network. Chapter One: Theory on franchising The first part deals with the analysis of the franchising system in its complex form. The key concepts to understand the overall functioning of the franchise are developed. 1.1 History of franchising The franchise business model was born in the United States of America, especially encouraged by the antitrust laws. This solution can be explained by the size and the importance of the American market that forced the societies to turn into a system enabling the increase of the market shares without huge investments. Nowadays, the number of franchisees reaches 760,000 in the United States spread out 1500 networks that represent a turnover of more than 1500 billion dollars and employs 9.7 million people in 2004.  [4]   In France, the first franchised network appeared around 1930 a little time after the creation of the wool producer in Roubaix. The phenomenon of franchise has been developed further, at the beginning of the seventies, in order to modernize the convenience trade and create a real competition to the Big boxes. Today France is the leader of franchising in Europe and concerns various types of activity such as fast food industry, bakers, apparel and hospitality industry. 1.2 Concepts and definition In a franchising system, the franchisor grants its knowhow and its trademark to franchisees, which are independent and have the contractual obligation to exercise the activity described into the respect of rules and procedures defined by the franchisor. The latter must follow the concepts exploitation and provide support to its franchisees. The franchisor is paid by an entrance fee at the signature of the contract and also by regular royalties based on the franchisees turnover. The contract of franchise has a variable length often comprised between five and ten years. Thus, the franchise includes a key firm, the franchisor, and multiple satellites firms, legally and financially independent called the franchisees. Usually, the franchisor brings intangible assets (products, services to develop, know how or trademark), whereas the franchisee provides financial and human assets. The purpose of the agreement is the exploitation of the concept developed by the franchisor. The franchise seems to be a special type of network where there is an inter-organizational division of the work. The franchisor is in charge of the strategic activity whereas franchisees work more on operational activities (Frà ©ry, 1996). Skills and resources mobilization within a franchising system are more carried out in logic of exploitation rather than propriety (Frà ©ry, 1995) because associates are independent. Therefore there is coexistence of economic dependence and legal independence between partners of the franchise. Sometimes the franchise network is described as unstable because the key firm could try to own the most performing units.  [5]   Many franchising network are mixed because they combine company owned units and independent franchisees. This is the case for instance in Hospitality industry. This specific kind of network enables to mix the experience effect from company owned units with the human and financial power of the franchisees. Indeed, information available from company owned units are used to negotiate and attract new franchisees. The franchising network enables a mutual process of learning that can lead to trust relationship between the franchisor and franchisees. To sum up, a franchise system is composed of: A purpose: repetition of a commercial success Supplementary resources from both sides Favourable institutional framework Interactive relationship between players. A purpose  due to a commercial success Franchising system Supplementary recources Interactive relationship between players A favourable institutional framework Figure 1 The franchising system 1.3 Purpose of the franchise system Each side of the franchise system finds an advantage of coming into this specific type of network. The franchisor hopes to develop its network as quick as possible in a part to compete with others chains and then to obtain geographically the best places. Entrance fees and royalties ensure a permanent payment. However the franchisor must control the concepts development and has to be sure that the offer is as consistent and homogeneous as possible. Regarding the franchisee, he develops the commercial offers in being supported by the franchisor in terms of training, advisory, innovation. The franchising system enables to get an access to information from people who are in direct relation with the client and particularly in a mixed network (Perdreau, Le Nadant and Cliquet, 2007). Because of the information sharing, new franchisees know a failure rate under the average failure rate of any new created enterprise.  [6]   1.4 The legal framework of a franchise system The basis of the franchise can be found in the legal contract and the code of practice that both parties have to sign in order to create right and duties to respect. The franchise contract, one of the foundations of the franchise system is a contract in which the owner of a distinctive sign, generally registers the brand name (the franchisor) and grant it to an independent storekeeper (the franchisee). The owner holds an advisory and commercial assistance role whereas the franchisee has to pay to enter into the franchise and a fee based on the turnover of the shop. Sometimes the contract can also commit the franchisee to buy equipements and furnitures to the franchisor and to respect standards and certifications in the management of the units.  [7]   The franchise contract must be in compliance with the national law, European law and the code of practices. It describes the interests of members of the franchise network in protecting the franchisors patent rights and in maintaining the common identity of the franchise system. The key points of the contract are the following: The franchisor and franchisees rights and duties Goods or services provided to franchisees The length of the contract The payment terms for the franchisee Renewal terms Termination contract clause, clause of non competition Franchisors duties Franchisees duties Definition of the concept/ innovation regarding the concept to stay competitive/ Ensure a stability in the network Financial duties: entrance fee/ marketing and advertising fees/ Royalties Development of the brands/ of the trade name Respect of the global concept, respect of the trade name, respect of the clauses of the contract, return of all documents and tools at the end of the contract, Convey a knowhow, tools, support Sometimes, exclusivity of supply Table 1 Focus on the basic duties for both parties in the franchise contract Nevertheless, the partners motivations are quite different and can lead to an opportunistic behavior from both parties. Conflict of interests can appear when there is an alignment of interests and behaviors of the franchisor and franchisees (Dant and Nasr, 1998). Indeed, the franchisor is concerned by the profitability of the network and the strengthening of the reputation of the brand (long and middle term objectives) while franchisees seeking short term profitability sometimes in not taking care of the brand image. In the theory of contracts and franchise network (Penard et al., 2004), it has been pointed out that the franchisor can miss to its duties of support, but he can also prevent the franchisee to manage freely its unit or impose a price of sale. The franchisor should have in that field a role of adviser because according to the European law  [8]  , he cannot take an active part in the management of the franchisees unit. In a franchising system, even if it is against the law, the franchisor could give more importance to its company owned units instead of being neutral. However the franchisees can sometimes fail in its duties as well when he does not respect its commitment regarding the commercial standards of the franchisor, some delays in the payment of fees or a lack of cooperation in the data transfer when the franchisor is auditing the unit. 1.5 The relationship between the franchisor and the franchisees The franchise system does not include only two players (the franchisor and the franchisees) but four players according to the French Franchise Federation (2004): The franchisor, an independent contractor that can be a corporate body or a natural person. The franchisee, an independent contractor, corporate body or natural person that has been selected by the franchisor. The network, made up of the franchisor and franchisees. They all work under the same trade name which is a symbol of identity and makes the reputation of the network. The customer who buys for himself products or services and who does not want to know if behind there is a franchisee or a company owned unit. He only seeks a certain quality that makes the brand that known. Figure 2 The conceptual Framework Will to start a business Business ownership Business site Knowledge of the local market Access to the customer Surety of satisfaction/loyalty Know-how Marketing success Distinctive concept Strong brand Surety of turnover Surety of efficiency Franchisors resources Franchisees resources In order to make the franchising concept works efficiently, both side have to work together. To help and protect them, it exists a legislation framework. The contract has to be balanced in order to satisfy both parties. The turnover has to be shared according to the agreement the parties agreed upon. Three decisive factors make a franchising system (Jauffrit and Sie, 2010) efficient. First of all, the quality of the business model and the conditions to test it at the beginning of its creation are essential. The strength of the resources available is also important: financial, technical and above all the human resources from both sides and the quality of the cooperation. Moreover the network should be developed as quickly as possible in order to reach the critical size and make economies of scales. The latter enables to develop the brand, to stretch over the territory, to pay the common equipment, and benefit from purchasing cots more interesting. All these factors permit the access of a well ranked position and gain a competitive advantage.  [9]   1.6 Different ways of controlling in a franchise system In the hospitality industry it exists four categories to control a network (Baglin and Malleret, 1995). The legal control is essential in a integrated network where it exists a capital-intensive link between the company and its manager, but has a less importance in a franchise system. The control on the product or service enables to keep a certain level of standardization defined in the contract and can be completed by the visit of mysterious client or a network coordinator. The respect of the norms is essential in an international network where the brand offers a standardized product or services. It enables to keep a certain consistence in a brand within peoples mind. The control of the financial management, based on the reporting and budget, are partially practiced in a franchise network. The key performance indicators are centralized within a detailed reporting as the fees and royalties are usually calculated on. Regarding the specific performance of a franchisee, the methods are generally advised and supervised but seldom imposed because the law restricts the franchisor to manage and handle the franchisees business. The franchisor has a role of advisor and assistance. Finally the control of human is applied during the recruitment, training and payment. The payment of the franchisee depends on the profit of its business after having paid the franchisor royalties and fees. The franchisor uses its control only when he recruits a new franchisee and when he liven the network up. Controls in a franchise system seem to be rather technical because the franchisor has to be sure that the franchisee respects the offer and the level of standards. 1.7 Focus on the technical control One of the most important difficulties in a franchise system concerns the asymmetry in the information exchange. The franchisor can visit the franchisee, can employ a mysterious visitor to control and can measure the retro claims regarding a specific franchisee. Nevertheless, the dissatisfaction of customers is measured in a satisfaction survey conducted when the malfunctioning has already been realized. However the franchisor can today use new information system tools. He can follow in real time the activity of a franchisee, for instance through an Enterprise Running Planner, and ensure a good visibility. The gathering of data and information can thus be done without supplementary costs and at anytime (Boulay and Kalika, 2007). In addition to the real advantage of such tools, it has an effect on the franchisees behavior and enables to exercise a constant control in the network operations. Chapter Two: Theory on franchising Le desinvestissement par la franchise

The Irrelevance of a College Education Essay -- Educating Education Es

The Irrelevance of a College Education Finding myself a college junior at age 56, I have often thought about why one might want an education in the first place. When asked why it's taken me so long to complete college, well almost complete, my reasons are both simple and complex. I never real ly liked high school that much and my family moved around a lot. As a result, I attended several high schools. In retrospect, I now understand that high school is difficult even if one never moves. But I digress. Why get a college education? Would I be sm arter? More importantly, would people around me think of me as smarter? In fact, did it really matter at all what people around me thought? Was it money then, or pride? Perhaps it was respect. Starting college at night in 1965, I decided to take all the "required courses" to get them out of the way. I don't recall having an advisor back then, nor do I remember asking for one who might have suggested there was no rush in taking the "required co urses" immediately, but rather to take some courses that I might enjoy. So I enrolled in night school and took classes in Western Civilization and Economics. The Western Civ class (as it was called back then) was ok, but the only thing I learned from Econ omics was that the professor cleared his throat 26 times in the course of a minute. Feeling nothing was to be gained in a class where I was counting the clearing of a professor's throat, I dropped out, never bothering to withdraw from the class, but that' s another story. A couple of years later I decided to go back to school. I was a young newlywed at the time, working to put my husband through college, but still convinced I should take the courses I was mandated to have what difference if I en... ...hy? why? why? To me, when we can begin to answer that question, we will all be better off. And more importantly, we should then all be able to answer the question why get a college education? Works Cited Hart, Jeffrey, "How to Get a College Education." Lunsford, Andrea and John Ruszkiewicz, The Presence of Others: Voices and Images That Call for Response 3rd ed. New York: St. Martin's 2000. 126-132. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, Second Edition. 1999 ed. hooks, bell, "Keeping Close to Home: Class and Education." Lunsford, Andrea and John Ruszkiewicz, The Presence of Others: Voices and Images That Call for Response 3rd ed. New York: St. Martin's 2000. 93-104. Rose, Mike, "Lives on the Boundary." Lunsford, Andrea and John Ruszkiewicz, The Presence of Others: Voices and Images That Call for Response 3rd ed. New York: St. Martin's 2000. 105-119.

Scoreboards vs Blackboards: The Myth of the Student-Athlete Essay

In his essay, "The Myth of the ‘Student-Athlete", Gary Gutting argues that schools turn out more athletes than intellectuals, and that the word â€Å"intellectual† has become a swear word. I believe that this statement is very true and relevant to how mass media and education is shifting today. Take a look at how the school system is setup today, schools give out more financial aid and scholarships to students that are athletically gifted than intellectually gifted. Isn’t that backwards, shouldn't you be awarded more based on your intellect and work ethic more than whether if you can dribble a basketball or not? If this is the case then colleges are validating Gutting’s argument, that athletics is more important that academics. There are, of course, many cases of athletes who are primarily students, particularly in minor sports, but what about Division I football and men’s basketball, the big-time programs with revenues in the tens of millions of dol lars that are a major source of their schools’ national reputation? Are the members of these teams typically students first? According to the N.C.A.A.’s own survey in 2011, it showed by a huge percentile that the members of these sport teams do not identify themselves as students first. For example, football and men’s basketball players identify themselves more strongly as athletes than as students, gave more weight in choosing their college to athletics than to academics, and spend more time on athletics than on their studies. Football and men’s basketball players are admitted and given full scholarships almost entirely because of their athletic abilities. Academic criteria for their admission are far below those for other students. Their average SAT score are about 200 points lower... ...and statistics, Gutting wasn’t far off with his statement that, â€Å"schools turn out more athletes than intellectuals†. If this continues, then the unemployment rate will continue to rise and also the amount of uneducated citizens in the United States. Works Cited Gutting, Gary. "The Myth of the ‘Student-Athlete", Gary Gutting http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/15/the-myth-of-the-student-athlete/?_r=0 Weissmann, Jordan. "53% of Recent College Grads Are Jobless or Underemployed—How?" The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 23 Apr. 2012. Web. 12 NCAA. "NCAA Publications." N.p., 12 Oct. 2011. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. . Thamel, Pete. "Athletes Get New College Pitch: Check Out Our Tutoring Center." The New York Times. The New York Times, 03 Nov. 2006. Web. 12 Mar. 2014.

Across a Hundred Mountains Short Essay Essay

The novel Across a Hundred Mountains by Reyna Grande is a story about two young girls and their struggling journey to find happiness between two conflicting and distinct worlds: the United States and Mexico. Juana on one side wants to get to the United States, or â€Å"el otro lado† as mentioned in the novel, to find her father who abandoned her and her mother after leaving to find work in the US. On the other hand Adelina escapes from her house in California to follow her lover to Mexico. The girls form a bond in the most unexpected of places, a Tijuana jail, and quickly form a friendship that will connect them for the rest of their lives. Through Juana’s story, Reyna, impersonates the journey and struggles that many people have to endure to get to the United States so they can have a better life for them and their families. Juana’s main motivation to cross over to the other side is to find her father that â€Å"abandoned† her and her mother when she was still a little girl, but she is also driven by harsh living conditions, oppression by a corrupt government, and hunger. Throughout her youth in Mexico Juana encounters many problems, both emotional and physical and these later encourage her to look for a better life in the United States. When she is twelve she is left in charge taking care of her baby sister in a flooded house while her mother goes out and looks for her father who still hasn’t returned from work. The next day as her father wakes her, she sees that her sister is missing and the baby is found drowned in the depths of the water of her flooded house. Juana has to deal with the guilt of her sister’s death, causing her great emotional and physical pain. As if things were not bad enough, this is not the only thing that Juana has to endure throughout her youth. After her sister’s death, her father leaves for â€Å"el otro lado† in search of work, leaving behind the debt of her sister’s funeral. No money is sent from the United States to pay the debt, so Juana has to sustain seeing her mother become a prostitute for Don Elias, the man her father owes money to. In Mexico all Juana finds are harsh living conditions and oppression that later give her strength to start her journey to the United States. Over time Juana has a more pleasant experience in the United States due to the kindness of strangers such as Don Ernesto but finds no peace until she recovers her father’s ashes and releases them where they belong. In the state of Guerrero, Mexico. The other main character of the story is Adelina a girl who leaves her home in California to go to Mexico. Adelina is driven out of the United States because her family won’t accept her relationship with her lover, so they both decide to go to Tijuana, a city in Mexico. Not much is said about Adelina’s experienced in the United States. What we do know is that she had a family that loved her, but she decided to leave it all behind to be together with her boyfriend Gerardo. In Mexico she finds nothing but shame and misery because Gerardo could not find a job and the only way for them to make money was for her to be a prostitute. Besides having to expose her body, Adelina, is physically and emotionally mistreated by her boyfriend until it finally leads to her death when she tells him that she is going back to the United States with Juana. My Personal Experience Juana’s and Adelina’s stories are slightly similar to mine but overall they are quite different. Me and my sister were born here in the United States. I was born in San Diego, California and she was born in Phoenix, Arizona. When I was little I lived in Tijuana for eight years and we had a nice house, but my father decided that me and my sister needed to get a better education so we moved to San Diego in 2002. I have lived there ever since. My father was born in the city of Torreon in the state of Coahuila, Mexico, but he applied for his US citizenship at a young age and they granted it to him so when we moved to San Diego all of us where US citizens except my mother but she recently obtained it too. To some extent you could say that both Juana and I were looking for a better life here in the United States, but my journey here was much smoother because we did not have to cross over to â€Å"el otro lado† illegally and we were not oppressed by harsh living conditions like Juana. Even today I still visit Tijuana almost every weekend because most of my family is over there. I know my way around there almost the same as I know my way around San Diego. I can definitely say that Mexico has a corrupt government and many poor colonies, but there is much beauty to be seen there and not just in Tijuana city but all 32 of Mexico’s states. Beauty that surpasses that of any of the 50 states of the United States.

How Information Flows Within An Organization Essay

Information Flow Must Be Relevant and Specific Although there exists an age-old saying â€Å"too much information is never enough,† specific need must be established in order to disseminate information properly. Without specific guidelines, information flood inhibits the ability to tailor the data for use and brings up privacy issues, which must ultimately be addressed and mitigated. In the military, there exists a multitude of data and information that is passed on a daily basis. From supply and logistics information, medical and dental information, and tactical and technical information, the information needed to operate and maintain a small piece of the military is exponential. Without clear and structured guidelines on how that information is collected and used, our military would be faced with an inordinate amount of data, but with no real method of using the information. The information must also be stored within systems that provide access to relevant information, and at the same time ensure that the contents of those systems are able to withstand any and all attempts to circumnavigate the security measures within the system. Within the organization, there are a different types of information. One such type is personal information dealing with individuals. Sensitive information like medical history, dental history, and current prescriptions is information that must be limited to the service providers, while still maintaining the privacy and security of the individual. For that reason, systems are developed to run on an independent network that limits medical facilities and their providers with this  information. From the doctor or nurse’s input into the system, this information is maintained on databases and servers that are secured, allowing access only to those systems that have a vested interest in the patient. Departments such as pharmacy, appointment scheduling, and referrals will all be allowed some access to an individual’s information. The delineating factor in providing this information is the ability to limit these different systems to only the information necessary to provide proper care. One example is a pharmacy knowing what type of medication a person needs without the entire medical history being on display for all within the pharmacy to view. Another example is information about specific, day-to-day operations. Within an organization, even a secure facility, information that is discussed and passed does not always warrant access by everyone within the facility. That is why classifications exist, in order to minimize the access of information to only those who are authorized while keeping records of where the information has been. With classified information, the method must also exist to transport the information using today’s technologies. A secure, independent network exists within the military that provides a transport strictly for secure and classified information called The Secret Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNet, or SIPR). Another system, used for less sensitive information, is called The Non-Classified Internet Protocol Router Network (NIPRNet, or NIPR). NIPR is divided internally in the organization through the use of different Virtual Local Area Networks (VLAN’s) to allow different departments within the organization to communicate with each other without fear of overlapping their information with other agencies. NIPR is also widely known as the typical internet for the military since normal internet access is located within NIPR. Collectively, these two systems provide the military and its organizations to function and communicate on a daily basis, allowing the required departments and personnel access to relevant information without fear of privacy concerns. It can be argued that today’s society is dependent on information and that too much information is never enough. Some would argue that with more information at its disposal, companies, products and governments could provide better support and a higher standard of living for all. However, it is inherent on organizations with desires of a multitude of information to limit their scope of to the necessary information, in  order to prohibit information from being used in a hurtful or destructive manner. Ultimately, information flow starts and ends with the individual. It is the individual that provides information, transports information, and ultimately accesses information. It is the individual that must be the one who ensures that information is being handled in methods that serves its purpose, but does not infringe on the privacy of others.

Federalism Questions

6AP US History Federalism Questions I. Answer the following questions as fully as possible. Use the Internet, The American Pageant, or other sources to find the answers. Also please list your sources for each question. 1. What were the major weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? The Articles of Confederation were replaced by the Constitution at the Constitutional Conference in May 1787. Members of the Conference saw to replace the Articles because it was weak. The articles did not effectively unify the nation with a central government. No centralized government would lead to conflicts within and between states.Also Constitution had direct taxation, which would be a source of money for the government. There was no strong foreign policy either. 2. What were some of the key elements of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787? The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was a very important law for the newly founded America. It gave all unclaimed land to the federal government. It allowed the governm ent to establish territories, which could become states after the area achieves a population of 60,000. Territories could also establish governments when their population of free white men was 5,000.The law also made waterways like the Mississippi and St. Lawrence rivers free for travel for United States Citizens. Religious freedom, habeas corpus and bans on cruel and unusual punishment were established. The northern Territories were also declared free of slavery. 3. Why was Shay’s Rebellion such a dangerous situation for the new USA? Shay’s Rebellion, an uprising of central and western Massachusetts farmers, started because the government did not pass laws that would forgive debt and print more money. The farmers needed this because the area was experiencing an economic crisis.Daniel Shays, a former member of the Continental Army led the cause. The cause was dangerous because so many people supported them. Citizens saw the rebels as the same as those who rebelled in t he Revolution. When the government squashed their movement, many people were discontented and other rebellions sprung up. 4. Why did the Constitution have a system of checks and balances? The Constitution had a system of checks and balances to keep the three branches in even power. If an unconstitutional law is being passed by congress the Judiciary Branch can stop it.The Judicial Branch can do the same for presidential acts. This would keep the power more evenly spread and allow more voices to be heard too. The checks could prevent dictatorial rule too. 5. Explain the 3/5 Compromise. How/why did this happen? The three-fifths Compromise was an agreement between the North and South met during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787. The law stated that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for things such as how many House Representative a state would get and state tax distribution.The compromise was met because anti-slavery delegates wanted only free men to count, which would take power away from the South and pro-slavery delegates wanted every slave to count as a person. 6. Why did Alexander Hamilton welcome the Whiskey Rebellion? The Whiskey Rebellion was resilience against a tax on whiskey set forth by Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton established the tax to pay off the United States’ large debt. Small western farmers protested because the tax was more lenient on larger eastern distilleries.Soon, they rebelled and were quickly squashed by Washington’s newly formed administration. Hamilton welcomed the rebellion because he saw it as a test for the new government. The rebellion eventually also led to the formation of the Republican and Federalist Parties. 7. What was Alexander Hamilton’s view of the â€Å"masses† compared to Thomas Jefferson’s? 8. How did George Washington handle the issue of war between England and France? In 1792, after the French Revolution, the newly established French Republic went to war with al most all of Europe.Washington decided to remain neutral for the course of his term. This became hard because both countries begin seizing neutral trade ships and America was trying to maintain trade with both sides. 9. Why were the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions such a threat to the Federal Government? During John Adams’ Presidency, the Congress was almost all members of the Federalist Party. James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, who were trying to fight the Alien and Sedition Acts, could not influence Congress at all. They decided take their case to state legislatures and wrote resolutions to Kentucky and Virginia.The documents suggested that states had the power do declare laws unconstitutional, which was dangerous to the Federal Government. 10. Explain the XYZ affair. How did John Adams handle this event? The XYZ affair happened during John Adams’ service as president When Adams assumed his presidency, the French did not recognize him. Agents codenamed X, Y, and Z, demanded huge amounts of money for loans and bribery. Adams spoke to Congress and called for a navy which resulted in what is called the Quasi-War, an undeclared war that consisted of a few naval skirmishes in the Caribbean.The outcome of the war was that France would no longer attack U. S. trade vessels and United States neutrality. 11. How did the 2 party political system in American politics evolve? Sample AP questions. 12. â€Å"The Declaration of Independence issued a call for a democratic government of equal citizens that was rejected by the writers of the Constitution, who created an aristocratic government that benefited only the wealthy few. † Assess the validity of this statement. Issued on July 4, 1776 by the Constitutional Congress, the Declaration of Independence was a document that fervently called for equality for all citizens.On September 17, 1787, the Constitution was declared as the supreme law of the United States. The statement, â€Å"The Declaration of Independence issued a call for a democratic government of equal citizens that was rejected by the writers of the Constitution, who created an aristocratic government that benefited only the wealthy few,† is invalid because while the Constitution made for a more powerful federal government, officials were elected by the people, those officials’ terms were all terminal, and checks and balances were put into place.In the United States, all officials are elected by the citizen. Members of the government like the President, Congressmen, Representatives, Judges, Sheriffs, and City Officials are all decided by people in the community that they concern. Even though power is put onto a single person at some times, that individual was decided on by the people. While some officials like Supreme Court Judges and Cabinet Members are not decided by the people, they re decided by the President, who is elected by the people. The government officers who are elected by the masses, all se rve for finite terms. For example, Presidents serve four years until going up for re-election. At the time, there was no limit to how many terms a President can serve, but the people would decide that limit with their votes. Members of Congress, the House of Representatives and city officials all serve for various amounts of time before being put up to be re-elected.This means that new ideas and values can flow throughout the government and a dictatorial rule is impossible. The United States Government also has checks and balances to keep all three branches within equal power. The Legislative Branch has the power to impeach the President, approve federal Judges, and declare war, while the Executive Branch has the power to veto bills, appoint Supreme Court Judges, and the President is the Commander in Chief of the Military.The Judicial Branch can have Judicial review on both the Legislative and Executive Branches. These help evenly distribute the power more throughout government and keep one branch from taking too much control. With its election of officials by the people, finite serving terms for government officers, and checks and balances, the U. S. government established by the Constitution is far from an aristocracy.

Rabindranath Tagore Essay

The first Asian Nobel Prize winner for Literature, a cultural hero, and an international figure, Rabindranath Tagore was born on 7th May 1861 in Calcutta, India. Tagore speaks to an optimistic assortment of the ripened Indian custom and the new European awareness. Globally, Gitanjali is Tagore’s best-known accumulation of poetry and Tagore was granted the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his book â€Å"Gitanjali†, which contains the essence of an Indian artistic tradition. Tagore was an unofficial diplomat to the world and laid India on the legendary map of the world. Indeed today, he has been an inspiration and nourishment for millions of Indians. In the hearts of an Indians and most specifically Bengalis, Rabindranath Tagore’s overpowering impression is huge. Gitanjali is an assortment of a number of themes and ideas. The lyrics explore the relationship between God and Man, individual and humanity. It gives a good reason for the ways of man to God and the other way arou nd, too. It â€Å"expresses in perfect language permanent human impulses† , and thus passes the test of great poetry as laid down by T. S. Eliot. Here poetry has become an exposure and invocation. It shows an inner reality of millions of Indians, especially Bengali people. It is the best creation of Rabindranath Tagore that regarded as an independent piece with its own theme and personality, and tried to tell the tale of his life using various characters. Mainly Gitanjali rewards in logical theory, spiritual tie-ups and an inspiration. It decoratively treats Death and God. It is supernatural in its abstract character, emotional anxiety of thought that may be transformed into the imagery of dreams, logical beauty, moralistic mind, strength, ethical content, and divine love. Even more, by the end Tagore expressed that Death is the last stage of our life. It is completely unavoidable, and one has to surrender themselves. When the death strikes, people who were ignored or rejected earlier will appear more valuable. To avoid that situation, one must love well while he/she is alive. One should be ready when the summons comes from God without any bitter feelings. The soul dispossessed of all the worldly goods will reach God in a sweeter  manner. An Irish Senator, and a constructor of an Irish and British literary William Butler Yeats, said, â€Å"Mr. Tagore, like the Indian civilization itself, has been content to discover the soul and surrender himself to the spontaneity† and also added, â€Å"At times I wonder if he has it from the literature of Bengal or religion. His divine values of Hinduism were deep rooted in his ancestry and in his own long and hard-fought experience, and they found constant expression in every aspect of his extraordinary li fe.† Marcel Proust A French novelist, critic, and essayist, Valentin Louis Georges Eugà ¨ne Marcel Proust was born on 10th July 1871. He was known for his epic novel â€Å"In Search of Lost Time†. The novel was published in seven parts between 1913 and 1927. He is deliberated by one of the greatest authors. He described particularly decline of the upper class and the rise of the middle classes that occurred in France during the Third Republic and the fin de sià ¨cle in this epic novel. After the unsuccessful endeavor of composing a novel, Proust used a few years composing interpretations and expounding the works of the English craftsmanship history specialist John Ruskin. He was likewise a productive letter essayist. The work for which he is normally regularly recollected is â€Å"In Search of Lost Time† or â€Å"Recognition of Things Past.† Proust has likewise been known as the originator of the present day novel, looked upon as an issue impact on pioneer style. An English novelist and an author Graham Greene once wrote: â€Å"Proust was the greatest novelist of the twentieth century, just as Tolstoy was in the nineteenth†¦. For those who began to write at the end of the twenties or the beginning of the thirties, there were two great inescapable influences: Proust and Freud, who are mutually complementary.† Moreover, Peter Englund, the Nobel Academy’s permanent secretary, said â€Å"He is not at all difficult to read. He looks very simple in a sense because he has a very refined, simple, straight, clear style. You open a page and see that it is Proust, very straight, short sentences, no frills †¦ but it is very, very sophisticated in that simplicity.† Thomas Stearns Eliot A literary and social critic, publisher, playwright, an essayist, Thomas Stearns Eliot was born on 26th September 1888 at St. Louis, the Missouri to an old Yankee family. He considered as one of the twentieth century’s major poets. Eliot had such a big impact on writing that it can’t be precisely measured, however it is surely gigantic. It is genuinely likely that very nearly every free verse writer that succeeded him has tired, straightforwardly or by implication, from his sweeping collection of principles. Through Eliot’s essays and especially through his poetry, he played a significant part in building the modernist conception of poetry. His poetry is culturally allusive, ironic, and impersonal in manner. Moreover, they were organized by associative rather than logical connections and difficult at times to the point of isolation. His impact on literature in the twentieth century was significant. However, notwithstanding the validity .and spreading of his finest and most well-known essays, Eliot couldn’t have achieved the modernist revolution by ruling alone. He succeeded just through the sample of his superb poetry. His poetry will survive undiminished as his critical influence waxes and wanes, and as the points of interest of his profession retreat into literary history. Perhaps the realest and clear example of Eliot’s intelligent influence is in the books of writers such as Derek Walcott and Kamau Brathwaite. Charles W. Pollard holds them as illustrations of non-Western pioneers impacted by the divided nature of Eliot’s work. He proposes that a large portion of the distinctions are because of how these two writers fuse components of their cultures. Moreover improver about the part of verse in the public arena and its relationship to typical discourse, to structure their styles and customs, while staying inside the post-Eliot innovator fold. Nawal EL Saadawi Egyptian feminist writer, activist, physician and psychiatrist Nawal El Saadawi was born October 27, 1931. She has written many books on the subject of woman in islam paying particular attention to the practice of female genital mutilation in her society. Although Women and Sex created a huge controversy in Egypt for its frank discussion of the sexuality of women, El  Saadawi was unknown to most Western audiences until 1980, when â€Å"The Hidden Face of Eve† was translated into English. In this accumulation portray female genital mutilation, narrative the principles and regulations overseeing the lives of ladies, and recount the troubles and disgrace connected with being a lady in an oppressive patriarchal society. El Saadawi was impacted by what she encountered in her life as an issue. By the seeing of mortifying and unreasonable practices. This has headed her to stand up in backing of political and sexual rights for ladies and continually emphasize ladies’ energy in safety. For instance, at age of six, El Saadawi’s family constrained her to experience a clitoridectomy, and as a grown-up she expounded on and censured the act of female and male genital mutilation. Her initial work is viewed as spearheading in present day women’s activist fiction in Arabic. Since the 1970s she started to scrutinize straightforwardly the patriarchal framework and tackle unthinkable issues: female circumcision, abortion, sexuality, child abuse, and different forms of women’s oppression. Saadawi has expressed the view that women are oppressed by religions. In a 2014 interview Saadawi said that â€Å"the root of the oppression of women lies in the global post-modern capitalist system, which is supported by religious fundamentalism Chinua Achebe A Nigerian novelist, poet, professor and critic, Chinua Achebe was born on 16 November 1930. His first novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart† was considered his magnum opus,[3]and is the most widely read book in modern African literature. A writer of more than 20 books, he was commended worldwide for advising African stories to an enraptured world group of onlookers. He was likewise concurred his nation’s most noteworthy recompense for educated accomplishment, the Nigerian National Merit Award. Achebe is a significant piece of African writing, and is prevalent everywhere throughout the landmass for his books, particularly â€Å"Ant colony dwelling places of the Savannah,† which was shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 1987, and â€Å"Things Fall Apart.† The recent was obliged perusing in endless secondary schools and universities in the mainland, and has been deciphered into many dialects. He likewise reprimanded defilement and poor administration in Africa, and had been known to reject honors by the Nigerian government to dissent political issues. Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan said,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Achebe’s frank, truthful and fearless interventions in national affairs will be greatly missed at home,† Jonathan said. â€Å"While others may have disagreed with his views, most Nigerians never doubted his immense patriotism and sincere commitment to the building of a greater, more united and prosperous nation.† Moreover, a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, philanthropist and former President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela said, â€Å"he brought Africa to the rest of the world.† Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rque Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez, the Nobel Prize-winning Colombian author who drenched the world in the compelling ebbs and flows of enchantment authenticity, making an abstract style that mixed reality, myth, love and misfortune in an arrangement of candidly rich books that made him a standout amongst the most venerated and powerful authors of the twentieth century. Mr. Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez, was a writer, author, screenwriter, dramatist, memoirist and understudy of political history and pioneer writing. Through the quality of his keeping in touch with, he turned into a social symbol who charged a boundless open after and who now and again drew fire for his relentless backing of Cuban pioneer Fidel Castro. In his books, novellas and short stories, Mr. Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez tended to the topics of love, depression, passing and force. His masterpiece were â€Å"One Hundred Years of Solitude†, â€Å"The Autumn of the Patriarch† and â€Å"Love in the Time of Cholera†. By melding two apparently divergent abstract conventions — the realist and the fabulist — Mr. Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez progressed an element abstract structure, enchantment authenticity, that appeared to catch both the secretive and the unremarkable characteristics of life in a rotting South American city. For many writers and readers , it opened up another method for comprehension their nations and themselves. 44th and Current President of the United States of America, President Obama said in a statement â€Å"The world has lost one of its greatest visionary writers — and one of my favorites from the time I was young,† Moreover he added that â€Å"Mr. Marquez is a representative and voice for the people of the Americas.† Works Cited â€Å"A Poem Translated by the Author from from the Original Bengali Collection  Gitanjali.† Web. 1 Dec. 2014. . â€Å"Aimà © Fernand Cà ©saire.† Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation. Web. 1 Dec. 2014. . Biography: T. S. Eliot. 2001. Pearson Education. 3 Mar. 2005 . Kandell, Jonathan. â€Å"Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez, Conjurer of Literary Magic, Dies at 87.† The New York Times. The New York Times, 17 Apr. 2014. Web. 1 Dec. 2014. . Pollard, Charles W. New World Modernisms. 4 June 2004. University of Virginia Press. 2 Mar. 2005 Proust, Marcel. â€Å"Marcel Proust.† NewYork TImes. Web. 1 Dec. 2014. . â€Å"Remembering Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Storyteller Who Resonated with Readers around the World.† PBS. PBS. Web. 1 Dec. 2014. . Tah, Shari. The Innocence of the Devil. Berkeley: U of California, 1994. Print.

Check List for Project Finance Essay Example for Free

Check List for Project Finance Essay 1. Brief description of every project sponsor: company history, establishment date, legal form, ownership, subsidiaries, core activities. Data on sponsor’s experience in the host country and in the project’s industry. Explanation of how the project relates to the sponsor’s strategic direction/goals. 2. Annual reports of the past three years for every project sponsor. Additional requirements in the case of project finance for activities in existing plants: detailed structured data for the past three years and budgets for the next five years on revenues (including a breakdown of export versus domestic foreign currency revenues if any, for countries with non-convertible currency; revenue mix by customer, country, and product) and expenses (in detail; in the case of non-convertible currencies, these need to be grouped separately). 3. Summary of the project concerned, including name, location, purpose, organisational form, ownership, equity, security structure, status of licenses/approvals, local partners, marketing and distribution, financing. 4. Brief characterisation of the role of the host country. For projects with currencies that are not completely freely convertible: description of the measures to avoid convertibility and transfer risk (including escrow accounts). 5. Schematic representation of the contract structure and the significant existing or intended contractual relationships and security. 6.List of references of the general contractor and/or most important suppliers as far as known; list of references of comparable projects to document the proven technological feasibility and the experience in the sector and host country. 7.Information on operator/management company: Company history, ownership, core activities, list of references, documentation of relevant experience in industry and host country. 8.Independent feasibility study reporting on the project’s economic and financial viability and political and environmental acceptability. Information on the level of expertise of the advisers/experts used in terms of subject area and geographic region, as it relates to the project (list of references). 9.The following information, if not already included in the feasibility study: a) Technical description, flow sheet, layout b) Detailed derivation of estimated operating costs (price and quantity details) c)Procurement situation for raw materials and supplies, including corresponding contract documents d) Description of the management, training of staff, staff costs and qualifications e) Environmental aspects, environmental impact assessment report, required environmental approvals and environmental measures, general description of location and emphasis on its specific relevant features, socio-economic and socio-cultural aspects. Also see our detailed requirements for the environmental review. f) Discussion of the amounts and appropriateness of the investment value and the risks regarding time and cost overruns. g) Timetable for construction and commissioning, milestones h) Market information on the project’s products/services, including the price and volume trends for the past 5 to 10 years; competitive situation, current and future supply and demand situation; forecast, identification and geographic location of main customers; marketing and logistics strategy; description of the planned marketing activities and off-take agreements (e.g. take-or-pay agreements) i) Detailed project costs, broken down by main categories of the key construction and commissioning cost items, interest over construction period, financing of working capital j) Projected procurement of funds, including source, amount, currency, time of input k) Cash flow projection over the repayment term of the requested export-credit-insured loan (including sensitivity analysis: a realistic base scenario, an optimistic and a pessimistic scenario), explanation of how any cash deficits will be covered l) Derivation and assumptions of the cash flow projection, including basis for sales quantity and prices, operating and administrative expenses, depreciation, amortization and impairment losses, taxes, inflation, exchange rate movements, export licenses, influence of local government. Check List for Project Finance. (2016, Oct 02).