Energy Situation and PESTLE Analysis

Question: Examine about the Energy Situation and PESTLE Analysis. Answer: Presentation Denver International Airport that is otherwise called DIA DEN is put in Denver, Colorado, United States. DIA is the greatest air terminal in the US. Alongside this, it is the 6th busiest air terminal in the US and eighteen busiest air terminals in everywhere throughout the world. Denver has the third driving household association arrange inside the country (DEN. 2017). Denver air terminal is the primary place for Frontier Airlines just as Great Lakes Airlines. It is the fourth predominant community for United Airlines. In addition, it is the main air terminal in the US that has executed an ISO 14001 authorized ecological administration framework to cover the total air terminal viably. A PESTLE investigation is a successful advertising instrument that is utilized by the business associations to assess the large scale ecological components that impactsly affect the associations. Alongside this, it is additionally utilized by the business firms to follow nature in which they are working or likewise ready to work their organizations. A PESTEL investigation is just significant to examination large scale natural factors, for example, political, financial, social, innovative, lawful and ecological variables (Wilcox and Jenkins, 2015). Denver International Airport utilizes this device to find the outside components that affect its tasks. The PESTEL examination of Denver is given as beneath: Political Factors: Political Factors affect the associations with respect to government guidelines just as legitimate issues; and furthermore outline both formal casual standards in which business firms are obliged to work their organizations. Political steadiness, government strategies, exchange limitations, charge strategy, natural guidelines, work law, levies, etc are the significant instances of these political components. Political components may fluctuate from one country to other country. Be that as it may, the air terminal industry is comprehensive and spreads the whole globe (Prather, 1998). Alongside this, concurring the report, the avionics business has been produced roughly $709 billion in the year 2016. The administration guidelines of the country focus on concerns, for example, quiet security, wellbeing, and some different issues. In addition, in the unified expressed, in 1978, the deregulation happened that diminished the limitations inside the business. Deregulation a nnulled the guidelines just as guidelines those were related with the costs and passage of the air terminal association into local markets. As an outcome, the notoriety of the business expanded. The expanded notoriety additionally upgraded the incomes of the air terminal industry in the United States. Then again, it ought to likewise be noted down that, the situation isn't the comparable in all the business sectors. It is a direct result of certain business sectors are profoundly controlled in the United States. The profoundly directed markets lessen the incomes of the associations (Haberberg and Rieple, 2008). Also, in such markets, the universal flights are exceptionally controlled instead of household (national/home) flights. Furthermore, Denver International Airport (DIA) additionally works its business in a vigorously controlled world of politics. It is a result of in aircraft industry travelers are more significant than carriers and their security is the principle worry of the administration. As it were, it likewise can be said that, traveler security must be prevailing for the carrier associations. By thinking about the patient wellbeing, the US government has set up exacting guidelines for the activities of aircraft associations (Schloh and Hardship, 1996). As a result, unmistakably, DEN works in a profoundly managed political environment of the country. The United States has exacting guidelines for the air terminals and carriers. It is a result of such associations face various dangers that may reason for mishaps, irremediable harms, and passings of travelers. In this way, the US government has been made and executed bunches of arrangements, rules, and guidelines to ensure travelers in unintentional cases. Accordingly, Denver needs to satisfy all the principles and guidelines to work its business inside the country. Then again, the legislature of the country additionally offers heaps of relaxations to air terminals and carriers. The legislature is severe for the patient wellbeing not for the aircraft business of the country. It is a direct result of carrier offers various advantages that improve the economy of the country (Williams and Curtis, 2007). Thus, the administration of the US creates an incentive by being partners of the carriers organizations. The world of politics has been loose in certain business sectors just to lead connection in an adequate and a progressively complete way. The association between the administration and aircraft organizations isn't valuable for these two however advantageous for travelers too. Alongside this, modern guideline and world of politics in an organized way give advantages to everywhere throughout the world. In this way, it is obvious that administration guidelines just as political elements of a country assume various significant jobs to choose the deve lopment and wealth of the carriers organizations inside country. In this manner, clearly Denver air terminal works its business in an amazingly controlled political milieu. DIA is likewise getting a charge out of loads of advantages because of the association between the US government and the carrier business. The association has helped the productivity and incomes of the aircraft organizations (Kerzner, 2012). Hence, Denver International Airport is doing admirably so as to escalate its relationship with the legislature of the country. Monetary Factors: Economic variables have various noteworthy effects on the development and achievement of the business associations. For case, financial development, swelling rates, loan costs, interstate charges, trade rates, embargoes, downturn, joblessness, wage rates, average cost for basic items, credit accessibility, etc are the major monetary elements. Further, these financial variables can be partitioned into two elements like: full scale monetary and miniaturized scale monetary elements. These the two variables accentuation on all the occasions those affect the interior just as outer monetary condition. The smaller scale monetary occasions are identified with the suitability and inside sufficiency of the business (Liebhold, Work, McCullough and Cavey, 2006). In addition, the full scale monetary occasions contain loan fees, swelling rate, downturn, conversion standard, joblessness, working hours, financing accessibility, etc. Then again, monetary elements of a country have t remendous effect on the aircraft organizations. The US carrier industry has seen various descending spirals. The air terminals and carriers of the country are as yet not recouped from the results of the 9/11 assaults. Alongside this, Denver air terminal is influenced by the ongoing downturn just as moderate monetary development of the country. The monetary shakiness of the country decreased the incomes of the DIA and other comparable organizations. In addition, due to the downturn, Denver air terminal additionally decreased its expenses to achieve upper hands over the contenders (Whitehead, 2012). Likewise, the drawn out downturn, oil costs variances, and an approaching worldwide lull are other impede monetary components that are influencing the development and accomplishment of DIA inside the economy of the country. Denver is attempting its best to oversee and hold its travelers adequately (Schloh and Hardship, 1996). As a result, it has executed a mechanized stuff framework to decrease delays, consolidate holding up times at baggage claims, decay carrier work costs, and improve the notoriety in the worldwide market. DIA is likewise managing expanded high fuel costs and working support costs in a viable way. Aside from this, the downturn had deserted various beneficial outcomes it. Because of the downturn, air terminals like Denver air terminal have changed their style of working. They likewise improved their administration principles and furthermore scaled down their costs to pull in an ever increasing number of clients. The air terminal is a base of the entire aircraft indu stry. In current, the business is modifying its business according to the changing monetary states of the country (Zalengera, Blanchard, Eames, Juma, Chitawo and Gondwe, 2014). In any case, a ton of development is assessed in the up and coming years; and because of the development of aircraft industry, the eventual fate of Denver air terminal can be seen splendid later on timeframe. Social Factors: Social components or socio-social elements break down the social condition of the market, and measure determinants, for example, socioeconomics, social patterns, populace examination, etc. Alongside this, these elements include the mutual conviction just as mentalities of the people. These socio-social variables contain populace development, social viewpoints, social desires, wellbeing awareness, populace elements, age conveyance, vocation perspectives, standards, a worldwide temperature alteration, and so on. These social components center around the security and wellbeing of the people (Ho, 2014). What's more, high patterns in socio-social elements affect the interest and flexibly for the items or administrations of the organizations. Business associations may change their administration procedures to take points of interest of these social patterns for the development and achievement of the business. Then again, it is notable that Denver International Airport is the greatest air terminal in the United States. It thinks about social variables to improve the matter of the aircraft business. Also, air terminals and carriers create social qualities for the development and accomplishment of the organizations. There are loads of enterprises that acquire benefits from the aircrafts (Wilcox and Jenkins, 2015). Air terminals and aircrafts are significant methods for transportation for the individuals and business associations. The two of them are exceptionally affected by the social factors and powers too. In this circumstance, the DIA has scaled down its costs to address the issues and requir

The effect of motivation on behavior

In ordinary discussion, the inquiry â€Å"What propelled you to do that?† is a method of asking, â€Å"What caused your behavior?â Why did you act that way?†Ã¢ To analysts, an inspiration is a need or want that serves to stimulate conduct and to guide it toward a goal.â Psychologists consider inspiration as a theoretical concept.â Hence, they gather inspiration from practices observe.But from a more extensive perspective, inspiration relates to the reason for responding.â The term originates from the Latin action word movere, which implies, â€Å"to move,† and it is the thing that causes development (conduct) that worries this paper.â The possibility of development is reflected in such conventional thoughts regarding inspiration as something that makes us go, keep us moving, and encourages us land positions done.â Conversely, an individual isn't roused when s/he can't appear to get up or off the couch (Pintrich, 2001).Despite these regularly held tho ughts, meanings of inspiration are various and shifted, and there is a lot of difference over the exact idea of motivation.â Motivation has been imagined in such changed terms as including inward powers, suffering attributes, social reactions tom improvements, and allowances of faith based expectations and influences (Schunk, D.H. 2003).Although inspiration has numerous features, therapists have been particularly worried about those impacts that stimulate and direct responses.â Simply expressed, inspiration decides how solid a conduct will be and the structure it will take.â Moreover, quite a bit of what is thought about persuasive procedures originates from investigate on how individuals react to the challenges, issues, disappointments, and difficulties experienced as people seek after objectives over time.â â Various speculations battle that inspiration underlies a lot of human conduct (Weiner, 2005).Psychologists have distinctive hypothetical points of view on motivation .â At present, there are four persuasive methodologies that are powerful on how analysts have understoodâ motivation, to be specific, stream hypothesis, stress and adapting hypothesis, and inherent and extraneous theory.Flow theoryCsikszentmihalyi (2005) considered people who occupied with characteristically rousing exercises and found that their encounters reflected total association with the exercises. This association, is known as the stream hypothesis, and is characterized as â€Å"the comprehensive impression that individuals feel when they act with all out involvement† (Csikszentmihalyi, 2005).According to Csikszentmihalyi, the stream is a lot of identified with other human intentions and has demonstrated that the measurements in this in pairs characterization are shut versus open-framework objectives and intra-versus interindividual processes.â Closed objectives are those that dictated by hereditary qualities (needs, hunger, thirst, security, ideal actuation) or s ocialization; open objectives create because of experience and can't be clarified by prior factors.â Interindividual forms are social in nature, though intraindividual forms allude to the person.â Flow is an individual procedure and reflects open fundamental objectives (Csikszentmihalyi and Rathunde, 2003).Moreover, people encountering stream are so strongly engaged with an assignment that they may lose consciousness of time and space.â They likewise look for a stream understanding for itself as opposed to for foreseen rewards.â Although stream can be knowledgeable about any movement, it is bound to happen with exercises that consider free articulation and innovativeness, for example, games, play, and art.â De Charm’s root state imparts numerous components to flow.â In extraordinary structure, people spurn a customary way of life and most unexpected material prizes to take part in exercises that give stream (de Charms, 1996).There are various investigates on the s tream theory.â These inquires about have demonstrated that regardless of being undefined, the stream hypothesis makes instinctive sense.â Csikszentmihalyi (2002)â describes an examination concentrate in which the Experience Sampling Method was employed.â Adults conveyed beepers that sounded a few times each week, at which time subjects appraised themselves on two ward variables:â Affect (including things â€Å"happy,† â€Å"cheerful,† â€Å"sociable†) and enactment (containing â€Å"active,† â€Å"alert,† â€Å"strong†).Subjects additionally made a decision about their circumstance for challenges present and abilities available.â The measure of time people passed judgment on themselves to be in stream (characterized as difficulties and aptitudes present and equivalent to each other) was connected emphatically to influence and initiation (Csikszentmihalyi,2002).Mayers (announced in Csikszentmihalyi, 2002) had secondary school stude nts’ rate school subjects and exercises on challenge and skill.â Favorite exercises fell into the stream are (challenge= expertise): TV and music tuning in (low on every); companions (moderate); and expressions, for example, show or artful dance, and sports (high on each).â Skills were decided to surpass difficulties in humanities and sociologies, coming about in boredom.â Challenges were evaluated as surpassing abilities in arithmetic and technical disciplines, coming about in anxiety.Other explore analyzed the stream encounters of three gatherings of adolescents.â One gathering went to a select government funded school in Italy, a subsequent gathering went to a commonplace rural secondary school close to Chicago, and a third gathering contained gifted math understudies from a top Chicago open school.â Students utilized the Experience inspecting Method.â The Italian teenagers revealed more stream encounters than U.S. teenagers, particularly those skilled in math. â Among the U.S. teenagers, those going to the ordinary school detailed the most measures of weariness (aptitudes surpass difficulties) and nervousness (challenges surpass skills).Interestingly, the gifted gathering scored altogether lower than the other two examples in detachment, characterized as abilities and difficulties in a state of harmony yet underneath normal (e.g., sitting in front of the TV, tuning in to music).â In whole, encounters are similar for normal or more normal understudies across societies, while for capable U.S. teenagers, stream and aloofness are rarer and weariness and tension are normal (.Csikszentmihalyi, 1995)These examines inferred that inspiration influences the conduct of people.â The stream hypothesis reasoned that there is a condition of balance between the measure of challenge in exercises and an individual’s capabilities.â People feel exhausted whenever their apparent aptitudes surpass their chances for utilizing them; they become on edge when they accept that difficulties surpass capabilities.â Flow can differ power, with the basic variable being the proportion of challenge to skill.â The depicted relations probably hold for top just as ordinary encounters (Csikszentmihalyi, 2003).Intrinsic and Extrinsic hypothesis Deci and Ryan accepts that inherent and extraneous persuasive powers oversee behavior.â Extrinsic powers are prearranged organically (e.g., food, rest) or get from the prize structure wherein the individual is mingled (cash, prestige).â Intrinsic powers develop out of the individual’s conviction that a given result merits making progress toward (Deci and Ryan, 2001).Deci and his associates (Rigby, Deci, Patrick, and Ryan, 2002) have as of late conceptualized inspiration along both natural and outward dimensions.â Intrinsic inspiration concerns exercises that are autotelic †occupied with for the good of their own †which by definition are self-determined.â Extrinsic inspir ation includes a movement from practices that initially were outwardly roused however became disguised and now are self-determined.â The principal level incorporates what Deci and his partners call outside regulation.â In their exploration, they refered to the model that understudies at first might not have any desire to chip away at math yet do to acquire educator remunerates and maintain a strategic distance from punishment.There is almost no self-assurance in this situation.â At the following degree of outward inspiration, understudies may participate in an undertaking (e.g., concentrate for an exam).â Deci and his partners call this introjected guideline in light of the fact that the wellspring of inspiration is inward (sentiments of â€Å"should,† â€Å"ought,† blame) to the individual yet not self-decided since these emotions appear to be controlling the person.â The third level is called distinguished guideline and here people take part in the action s ince it is by and by essential to them.The model they refered to is that, an understudy may read hours for a test so as to persuade passing marks to be acknowledged into college.â This conduct speaks to the student’s own objective, despite the fact that the objective has greater utility worth (Wigfield and Eccles, 2002) than characteristic worth, for example, learning.â The last degree of extraneous is coordinated guideline, whereby people can coordinate different inner and outer wellsprings of data into their own self-pattern and take part in conduct in view of its significance to their feeling of self.This last level is as yet instrumental, as opposed to autotelic as in inborn inspiration, yet coordinated guideline represents a type of self-assurance and autonomy.â As such, both natural inspiration and incorporated guideline will bring about more intellectual commitment and learning than outer or introjected guideline (Rigby et al., 2002).Deci and his associates' (Rig by et al., 2002) position is thought â€provoking, has produced a lot of research, and has significant ramifications for the field.â Many focuses in the self-assurance model are not unmistakably indicated, yet analysts progressively are directing examinations that are adding to the comprehension of how this hypothesis clarifies how conduct changes through motivation.Stress and Coping Theory Richard Lazarus' pressure and adapting hypothesis was created from his few research on pressure and its belongings to people, and it accentuates mental factors, in particular, the psychological procedures of recognition and thought.â Lazarusâ (1976, 1982, 1996) contends that it

4 Essay Outline Templates That Will Simplify Your Writing Process

4 Essay Outline Templates That Will Simplify Your Writing Process Have you ever put together a piece of furniture (or maybe stood by and watched someone else do it)? The task was made a lot easier thanks to the instructions that came in the box. The piece of furniture didnt exactly build itself just because it came with instructions, but without these instructions the task would be nearly impossible to complete.You can think of an outline for your essay kind of like a set of instructions. Although you still have to put in quite a bit of effort while youre building/writing it, the instructions will help guide you through the entire process so that you dont have to go in there completely blind.An essay outline is especially helpful for those who are novice writers, but even the old pros use outlines. The prolific William Faulkner was known to use an outline, and he wrote a timeline out for his novel A Fable on his office walls, which can be still seen on display at his home Rowan Oak in Oxford, Mississippi. Now were not advocating for anyone to write on their walls (sorry to all the moms out there!), but his method was effective because he was able to visualize his timeline and organize his writing around it.When you are assigned an essay, you might be tempted to wait until the last minute and just write something out really quickly. But without a concrete plan or knowing what it is that youre going to say, you might find yourself hovering over a computer with a blank page and a blinking cursor in the middle of the night. Nobody wants to be in that position, so lets aim to plan ahead, shall we?Why you should use an outline for everything you writeHave you ever heard the phrase great ideas take time? No amazing writer in the history of the universe just started typing one day and then had his or her writing magically turned into a book. Great writing requires great planning. Even if a writer didnt physically write down her timeline, she had a general idea of what she was going to write about before she started typing. Of course, there is such a thing as being inspired and acting on that inspiration (but lets be honest, your history essay isnt probably going to spark that kind of creativity in you).So, because we are writing a very structured piece with a somewhat predictable layout, its always best to use an outline. After you do your required research for your topic, an outline will help you to keep all of the points you want to make organized so that you dont skip any important pieces of information and so you can stay on track.How do you write an outline?The beauty of an outline is that no one will be seeing your outline â€" unless, of course, your teacher is making you turn it in beforehand so that he or she can review it before you turn in your paper. However, even if your teacher is reviewing the outline before you turn in your essay, its doubtful that he or she will grade too harshly on how you organize your thoughts. The main idea is that your teacher wants to see that youre putting in some thought before you write the essay.Because theres not as much pressure to make an outline sound nice and be grammatically correct, you can get out your thoughts quicker and easier. You can use a piece of scratch paper for an outline and just jot down a few points or you can get really intricate by creating a writing outline on the computer. Whatever way you want to write your outline is fine â€" just make sure youre doing it. Generally, in an outline you will need to have an idea of what your thesis statement will be, how your body paragraphs will support your thesis statement, and how you are going to wrap everything up in a conclusion at the end.Still a little unsure of how to start? Weve provided some examples below of what an outline will look like for a few different types of essays. Remember that these outlines are just samples. They arent necessarily something set in stone that you cant adapt for your particular assignment or idea.The argumentative essayThe argumentative essay is as old as writing is. The idea of an argumentative is â€" you guessed it â€" to establish an argument and provide evidence of why your claim is correct. You will collect evidence in defense of your argument and evaluate it.Here is a sample of what an argumentative essay outline might look like:IntroductionGeneral background information about your topicThesis statementBody paragraphsArgument 1 in support of your thesisSupporting factSupporting factSupporting factArgument 2 in support of your thesisSupporting factSupporting factSupporting factArgument 3 in support of your thesisSupporting factSupporting factSupporting factOpposing arguments and your response to these claimsOpposing argument 1 to your thesisYour response to this claimOpposing argument 2 to your thesisYour response to this claimConclusionReiterate arguments made in thesis statementWhy this essay matters (ideas for future research, why its especially relevant now, possible applications, etc.)Expository essay outlineExposit ory essays often get confused with argumentative essays, but the main difference is that the writers opinions and emotions are completely left out of an expository essay. The objective of an expository essay is to investigate a topic and present an argument in an unbiased way, but to still arrive at a conclusion. Because of this subtle difference, its important to have a solid outline to get you started on your writing.IntroductionThe presentation of the topicYour thesis statementBody paragraphsTopic sentence 1Supporting evidenceAnalysisTransition sentenceTopic sentence 2Supporting evidenceAnalysisTransition sentenceTopic sentence 3Supporting evidenceAnalysisTransition sentenceConclusionReiterate the points with an overview of the main points you discussed throughout the paper.Offer solutions, insight into why this topic matters, and what future topics could be expanded upon in a future paper.Reflective essay outlineReflective papers are a fun exercise where you get to write about a particular experience in your life and to discuss what lessons you learned from it. First-person essays are a really popular genre right now and are designed to make people from all different backgrounds reflect on a common human experience like receiving your first kiss, failing at something, or triumphing over obstacles. Because reflective essays are a little bit less rigid writing than a traditional classroom essay, the structure is definitely not set in stone. Feel free to play around with what makes sense for your particular story and experience.IntroductionA really great hook that will have the audience want to keep reading on (an example from the great writer David Sedaris, I always told myself that when I hit fifty I was going to discover opera, not just casually but full force: studying the composers, learning Italian, maybe even buying a cape.A brief little tease of what the story is going to be about. Youll probably need one to two sentences tops.Body paragraphsAct I of your storyWhat happened initially?Who were the key players?What obstacle did you have to overcome?Act II of your storyDescribe the obstacle/problem in more detailWhat role did the key players have?Act III of your storyWhat happened at the end?Was everything tied up neatly or not?ConclusionSummary of the eventsWhat lesson did you learn? Or, maybe, what was the lesson you learned much later on in life?Compare and contrast essay outlineWe compare and contrast things all the time in real life. We analyze what kind of healthcare plan we want, what major to pick, what phone we want, what career we want to pursue, etc. Having the skills to analyze two (or more) items and discovering what the facts are about them so that you can make an educated decision on which to pick are pretty crucial.A compare and contrast essay gives us the building blocks to understand how to make these decisions with real-life applications â€" and they can be pretty fun too. Although these compare and contrast essa ys dont have as complicated of a structure as an expository or an argumentative essay, its still important to plan out how youre going to tackle this type of essay. Heres an idea of what a compare and contrast outline might look like:IntroductionA brief introduction to the topic and what Point A and Point B areYour thesis statement (which will contain some sort of equivalence or dissonance between Point A and Point B)Body paragraphsTopic sentence 1 about Point AClaim 1 about Point AClaim 2 about Point AClaim 3 about Point ATopic sentence 2 about Point BClaim 1 about Point BClaim 2 about Point BClaim 3 about Point BTopic sentence 3 that connects Point A and Point BWhat is similar between these two points?What is dissimilar?What comparisons can be made?ConclusionWhat conclusions can we draw about comparing these two points?Any further research required or suggested for the future?Is there a third thing that we should be comparing these two points to?Need help with your outline?If afte r reviewing these guidelines or examining these sample outlines youre still a little bit unsure about how to incorporate an outline into your particular essay, be sure to ask your instructor for more guidance.And, if you need another pair of eyes to look over your paper after its been written, be sure to check out the services of our professional editors. Our expert editors can help you to polish up your paper, ensure that all of your citations have been made according to the style guide, and give you direction if the essay needs to be revised or rearranged in any way.

In Cold Blood Character Analysis - 963 Words

In Cold Blood by Truman Capote is a novel that explains the history of a family murder through two characters perspective. Capote unravels each character through the concept of juxtapose, which helps prevail the occurrence of events. Dick, is a very straight forward man that does not care about what others think. Whereas, Perry has a shy, conserved personality that is shown through transitions and details. Juxtapose effects the readers and characters as explained throughout the novel by comparing and contrasting two different characters opinions.Details are shown on every page and are illustrated in every sentence, which gives the reader the image. In Cold Blood represents the development of characters, juxtapose, transitions and details.†¦show more content†¦To go along with Perry being secretive, he hid the story about killing King from everyone including Dick. He explains how he killed King but tells that he does not know why he killed him and that he had no incentive to. He has the same idea when in the process of killing the Clutter family. He actually liked the family and really enjoyed spending time with Nancy, but because of Dick, he helped him murder them. For example he explains â€Å" Particularly if whatever was wrong was not your own fault but maybe â€Å"a thing you were born with† Look at this family! Look at what happened there!† This shows that Perry does have feelings and cared at one point or another. Juxtapose is finding similarities and differences between two perspectives. Juxtapose is shown throughout this whole book as Dick and Perry are compared on their opinions and details of what’s going on. An example would be describing the dog, Dick was very short sentenced about it and acted as if it was an everyday lifestyle. Whereas Perry, described the situation in detail and told about the dog and what exactly happened. This is juxtapose because it is comparing Dick and Perry’s feelings towards the same subject. 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The purpose of the trailer is to tease the audience into wanting to see the film but also to identify genre through conventions and create opinions in the audiences mind. The genre of my trailer is cross generic horror; appealing to a wide target audience. The horror genre is represented through the scenes involving blood and violenceRead More Analysis of The Barn Burning by William Faulkner Essays987 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of The Barn Burning by William Faulkner The short story â€Å"Barn Burning† by William Faulkner is about a ten year old boy, Sarty Snopes, who has grown to realize that his father, Abner Snopes, provides a life of â€Å"despair and grief† as he refuses to accept the â€Å"peace and dignity† generated by the ties with other people. In essence, Sarty is faced with the dilemma of choosing between his family (his blood) and moral conscience of what is right and wrong. Jane Hiles interprets this

Evaluating Essay Topics Secrets That No One Else Knows About

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India Post Strategy Free Essays

string(70) " have adopted a low cost strategy it is the most important objective\." Term Project ? Table of Contents Operations Constraints Matrix3 Flexibility3 Cost5 Quality7 Structural Decisions7 Capacity7 Facilities8 Process Technology9 Sourcing and Vertical Integration10 Infrastructural Decisions12 Operations Constraints Matrix Flexibility is about the operation being able to change what it does quickly. How quickly can the organization change the mix of products and services it is offering to the customer? Changing consumer tastes affects demand levels and the product range desired. For an organization to stay competitive, it needs to be able to respond to these changes with flexibility. We will write a custom essay sample on India Post Strategy or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢Can the organization react to demand changes and increase or decrease the volume of output in response? †¢Is a wide range of products or services on offer? Can the organization bring new product/service designs to market quickly so it is in a position to meet changing customer needs? Providing flexibility in delivery options, both the manner and the timing give an opportunity for differentiation. In case of Indian Postal Service, they are high on flexibility parameter. The range of products / services for Indian Post suits to people from all economic level, almost all customers can avail all the services of India Post in all location. India Post postal services are under two heads, Mail services and Premium Services. Mail Services LetterThe communication is enclosed in an envelope and addressed Inland letter cardCommunication is contained on a sheet of paper with prescribed size folding, for transmission within India only. Post cardOpen communication on a card of prescribed size. Available in two varieties: Single reply post card. Post cards are for transmission within India only. Printed Post cardPost cards containing communication recorded by printing, cyclostyling or by any other mechanical process are classified as ‘Printed Post Cards’. Printed matter includes printed pictures also. Blind literature packetPapers of any kind, periodicals and books impressed in â€Å"Braille† or other special type for the use of blind are allowed to be transmitted by post as Blind literature packets. ParcelAnything can be sent in a parcel excepting articles whose transmission is prohibited. RegistrationThe postal article that is registered is given identification and is recorded at every stage of handling. Letters, letter cards, Book and Pattern Packets, Parcels, News papers prepaid with postage may be registered for transmission at any post office. The registered postal article is delivered specifically to the addressee. VPL/VPPThe Value Payable Letter or Value Payable Parcel is paid for at the time of receipt. Premium Services Speed PostSpeed Post is market leader in domestic express industry, for providing time-bound and express delivery of letters ’ documents and parcels across the nation and around the world Express ParcelExpress Parcel Post is an ideal service for sending the parcels up to 35 kg within India. It is fast and reliable, provides door-to-door convenience and pick-up from customer’s premises service. Business PBusiness Post is a one-stop shop service to manage entire mail-out process. It provides cost-effective and professional mailing services, including printing, collating, inserting, sealing, and addressing to meet specific business needs. Media PostMedia Post is an innovative and effective vehicle for Brand and Marketing Managers to communicate their corporate message across the nation. Greeting PostGreeting Post is an innovative product of India Post comprises of a card with envelop with pre-printed postage stamp upon the envelope. It used to express yourself perfectly on every occasion, festival or event. Logistics PostLogistics Post caters to any demand for moving goods, parcels and consignments in terms of delivery deadline and quality of service. It offers the possibility of monitoring the delivery progress at all times. Comparison with the other players in Postal / Courier service India PostDTDC CourierBluedart Courier No fixed delivery time guaranteeService include next business day delivery guaranteeService include next business day delivery guarantee Media post offer advertisement opportunity to marketing managerDedicated for courier and parcel delivery, no specific service like advertising Dedicated for courier and parcel delivery, no specific service like advertising Wide reach within India, specifically high penetration in rural IndiaWide reach but rural penetration is not as deep as India PostWide reach but rural penetration is not as deep as India Post Offers registered post service, where consignment is handed over to only specific addressee General service, and couriers can be received by any individual within corporation / homeGeneral service, and couriers can be received by any individual within corporation / home Consignment tracking is limited to premium products deliveryConsignment tracking facility is available for all kinds of deliveriesConsignment tracking facility is available fo r all kinds of deliveries Prices band is high and weight range starts from as minimum as 25gms for deliveryPrice band is narrow and weight range starts usually from 500gmsPrice band is narrow and weight range starts usually from 500gms Single delivery timing, no customized service as customer requires, although service for guaranteed timely delivery availableConsignment delivery can be defined by customers with a minimum duration of Next business day 1030AM within same time zone Consignment delivery can be defined by customers with a minimum duration of Next business day 1030AM within same time zone No special facility for weekends like Saturday or SundaySpecial pick up facility for Saturday and delivery on SundayNo specific delivery facility for weekends Proof of delivery is claimable on paid basisProof of delivery is visible online for freeProof of delivery is visible online for free Greeting card delivery, special printed card delivery service No special greeting card delivery se rvice at presentNo special greeting card delivery service at present Freight on delivery service available business Freight on delivery service available business Freight on delivery service available business International deliveries service available with maximum eight of 100kgInternational deliveries service available with maximum weight of 10000kgInternational deliveries service available with maximum weight of 100kg No packing, box packaging service, pick up service available on paid basisProvide packing, loading, box packaging service, free pick up serviceProvide packing box, box packaging services, free pick up service Cost is the last objective to be discussed but clearly not the least. For organizations that have adopted a low cost strategy it is the most important objective. You read "India Post Strategy" in category "Essay examples" The lower the cost of producing the goods the lower price that can be offered to customers, which in turn will boost sales and profits. Even organizations that seek to gain their competitive advantage through differentiation are keen to lower their cost basis because that will lead to improvements in profit levels. To be able to deliver a cost advantage an organization has to analyze where operation costs are incurred. When considering a service industry, like hospitals, the biggest cost element will be staff costs, then facility and technology costs followed by bought-in materials and services. Many costs in a hospital operation are fixed and will not vary according to the number of patients treated. That is to say those facilities like beds, operating theatres or laboratories are as expensive as are the highly specialized staff. These are all needed to be available if not all of the time, then most of it. That obviously has cost implications. Generally, the level of costs depends on the volume and variety of output and how variable is demand. Variety of outputs leads to greater levels of complexity and therefore increased costs. Cost is dependent on the other performance objectives. Improvements in each of the other four will lead to cost reductions. The relative priority of the performance objectives is determined by the demands of customers and the actions of competitors. Making these decisions on priorities links back to the statement in the strategy of what business the organization is in and who are its customers. Selling to customers who insist on error-free products requires the organization to concentrate on its quality performance. Consumer segments that are looking for low-priced products or services will lead the organization to emphasize its cost performance. In case of India Post, reaching to the mass is part of their mission. They operate at locations where, revenues do not even cover 15% of expenses. They have more than 89% of their offices in rural areas, where the cost of operation is usually higher than revenues. Even the post office in urban areas, the target given is to earn a profit of 5% beyond their operating cost. India Post caters primarily in rural areas and therefore its emphasis on offering very low / economical prices to customer irrespective of their operating cost. Private postal service agencies have their motive of earning profit from business, therefore they highly emphasize on providing value service to their customers. They focus on limited services designed to fulfill general need of customers. Their service portfolio is transforming from delight services to order winning services. They emphasize on excelling in providing order winner services and compete in limited range of services. Pricing offered by India Post: India post premier service of simple post card is in no comparison with any other service agency. It is most cost effective way of mail hitherto in India. Apart from post cards, letters, India Post offers standard fixed rates for all customers depending on distance (irrespective of place of origin or destination). Speed Post: WeightLocal (within municipal limits)Upto 200 Kms201 to 1000 Kms1001 to 2000 KmsAbove 2000 Kms Up to 50 gramsINR 15INR 35INR 35INR 35INR 35 1 grams to 200 gramsINR 25INR 35INR 40INR 60INR 70 201 grams to 500 gramsINR 30INR 50INR 60INR 80INR 90 Additional 0. 5 kg or part thereofINR 10INR 15INR 30INR 40INR 50 Express Parcel Post: WeightLocal (within municipaI limits)Upto 500 Kms. 501 to 1000 Kms. 1001 to 2000 Kms. Above 2000 Kms. Up to 2kg3550 607090 Additional 1kg or part thereof58122535 India Post does not offer the air-mail service for domestic deliveries, whereas private players like Bluedart, DTDC, and Firstflight etc have the air mail service that offers next day delivery guarantee. Therefore, the prices of services offered by different agencies can be compared on the surface mode. Cost of parcel up to 500gms 500gmsIndia PostBluedartDTDC ithin city30200 Ambala50200 Amritsar60200 Mumbai80200 Calicut90210 Cost of parcel up to 10kg 10kgIndia PostBluedartDTDC within city75250 Ludhiana114250 Ahmadabad156290 Mumbai270290 Calicut370290 India post is more cost effective and economical than other private players. It is high on providing cost effective services to its customer than its competitors. Due to its pan India reach, and easy access in rural areas, other private players cannot compete in cost factor. Quality, whether you are running a hospital or a retail superstore, is about doing things right so that error-free goo ds and services are delivered that are fit for their purpose. Quality encompasses both the quality of the design of the product in terms of aesthetics, reliability and performance and the quality of the process that delivers the product or service. Quality of delivery process has direct impact on costs and dependability. Quality is a major source of customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Poor quality products or poor quality of service are likely to put the customer off returning, leading to future lost sales. For service sector like postal / courier service, the primary quality factors can be following: †¢Ease of accessibility – availability, easy reach †¢Customer focus – language, service, waiting time Reliability of service design – useful for customer, trust on the service †¢Conformance to specifications – delivery on time as committed, rates as specified, influence to change or modify requisite service †¢High delivery performance – delivery at the right place, right time, right pers on Speed Speed is all about how long customers wait before receiving their service. Addressing the speed objective requires the organization to pay attention to the cycle time involved in their new product development. An organization also has to pay attention to its scheduling and capacity planning as well as inventory management to be able to deliver on the speed objective. Reducing inventory will also impact on obtaining a cost advantage. Speed is an important factor considering that a lot of parcels are required to reach on time and are often related to business. As such, almost all the courier services have a special service catering to this constraint. In case of India Post, .No. Services/TransactionSuccess IndicatorsService StandardsUnit AService Standards of various services for Departmental Post Offices 1MailsTime from posting / booking to delivery†¢ Excludes day of posting, holidays and Sundays. †¢ Maximum time. †¢ Articles posted before cut off time. Unit in Days /Minutes etc. 1. 2Delivery of First class mail i. e. , letters, postcards, Inland letter cards, etc. Local* and between Metro Cities** * Local – within Municipal City limits ** Metro- Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad and Bengaluru. 2Days Rest of India4-6 1. 3Delivery of : †¢ Registered / Insured articles Express Parcel Post †¢ Second Class Mails i. e. Parcels, Book Packets, Registered Newspapers, etc. Local* and between Metro Cities** * Local – within Municipal City limits ** Metro- Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad and Bengaluru. 3Days Rest of India5-7 1. 4Delivery of Speed Post articlesLocal* and between Metro Cities** * Local – within Municipal City limits ** Metro- Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad and Bengaluru. 2Days Rest of India4-6 1. 5International EMS articles†¢ All International Mail articles are subject to customs examination. †¢ Period for customs examination/detention is not included in the service standards. 4-10Days DTDC on the other hand provides a lot of services catering to this need which is case specific: DTDC Domestic2-7 daysNormal deliveries (city specific) Value added service (Speed)Days to deliverSpecifications DTDC PlusAssured Next business day delivery†¢To metros and major cities in India Prime Time Plus (PTP) PTP 10. 30 and PTP 12. 00 within the next possible business day†¢Time-critical Business to Business (B2B) and Business to Customer (B2C) Segments. †¢From select origins to select pin codes at Metro locations. DTDC Blueassured second business day delivery†¢To places far and wide across the country In addition to it, DTDC provides money bank guarantee in case a delivery is not made on time on its Value added services. Blue dart Dart Surfaceline2-7 daysDistance specific Premium Services Dart Apex1-2 daysFor commercial shipments Domestic PriorityNext dayFor time-critical parcels DP 10. 30 and DP 12. 00Time specific, within a day Blue dart, like DTDC provides money back guarantee in case a delivery is not made on time on its premium services. As such, Speed of India post is comparable to most of its competitors as far as value based services are concerned. Though, at few places delivery is guaranteed the very next day and before a specific time, which is not provided by India post. Some services like Air to Air which ask customers to collect the post from the Airport for a faster delivery is provided by some of its competitors. Also, unlike DTDC and Blue Dart do not provide money back guarantee on a delay though they provide money back guarantee if a parcel is lost or damaged. This feature allows other players to create a better perception among consumers with respect to speed. Dependability Dependability is, of course, about consistency. An organization’s processes have to be geared up to consistently meeting a promised delivery time for a product or service. Customers are unlikely to be satisfied by an increase in delivery speed if it is not matched by consistent performance. This will require that an organization has systems in place to identify problems early and be flexible enough in its planning to be able to move to a plan B as necessary. The dependability of India post is an issue. Though its registered post is known for dependability in terms of security and handling, but the consistency in speed is still a concern in terms of dependability. The targeted dependability of 95% deliveries on time is far from the reality. Though a lot of premium services are delivered on time, but the general posts are often delayed or sometimes are even lost. When talked to an employee working in India Post, Dependability came out as one of the major reasons why people prefer high priced courier services provided by competitors over India Post. Structural Decisions An effective operations organization is one that meets the need of strategic business units competitive strategy. Therefore, once the type of differentiation has been specified , management must ensure that its operations organization is configured and managed in such a way that there is no one best way for dealing with any business problem – whether one is making, delivering, or selling a service, designing a management information / quality system, or measuring performance. In every situation, one must make choices that reflect one’s context, goals, resources and personnel. Translating the business strategy into appropriate tangibles and intangibles involves different structural and infrastructural decisions and tradeoffs. The structural and infrastructural decisions in service industry are derived from manufacturing operations. Structural decisions address all the issues that are relevant to Capacity, Facilities, Process Technology and Sourcing (vertical integration). Capacity Capacity management is defined as â€Å"ensuring a service has the capability to meet the demand experiences, like wise capacity management is a response to demand†. Service delivery process depends on three basic factors to achieve the expected output: 1. Service load that illustrates the variety of service being offered, the variation of demand and the management of demand 2. Capacity task that illustrates forecasting methods, scheduling, bottleneck management, prioritizing and altering capacity that are used to manage capacity task successfully 3. Capacity leakage, in other words the degree that there are quality failures, scheduling losses, labor lateness, labor underperformance and changeovers Facilities Facility network is the configuration of an operating network in allocating various service centers and contact points. In Mail Service industry, facility is the reach of agency to the customers at different location and various services that can be offered in that service center keeping in mind the objectives and goals of company. India Post has one of the objectives as â€Å"To provide basic postal facilities, i. e. , collection and delivery of mails, within easy reach (1. 5 kms) of all people and businesses. This is to be achieved through opening of more post offices, relocation of existing post offices, giving out franchisees to individuals, shops, institutions, self-help groups, etc. In order to achieve this objective, they constantly thrive to open new service centers at desirable places and shutoff from redundant locations. Apart from post offices, there are approximately 5. 7 lacs letterboxes, processed by network of Mail Offices and conveyed by rail, road, and airlines all over the country to reach the customers. Postal operations at the post office counter encompass the entire gamut of basic postal service that include sale of stamps, booking of registered articles, insured articles, value payable articles, booking of parcels and other banking transaction. Below data shows the penetration of India Post in rural and urban segment. Year2011201020092008 Urban13904089. 78%13918289. 81%13914489. 76%12548980. 94% Rural1582610. 22%1579710. 19%1587110. 24%2954619. 06% Total154866100. 00%154979100. 00%155015100. 00%155035100. 00% State wise presence of post offices in India: Andaman102Dadar and Nagar Haveli39JK1656 Andhra Pradesh16152Daman Diu20Jharkhand3092 Arunachal Pradesh295Delhi531Karnataka9761 Assam4023Goa263Kerala5054 Bihar9015Gujarat8934Lakhasdweep10 Chandigarh51Haryana2662MP8031 Chattisgarh3119Himachal Pradesh2778Maharashtra12490 Manipur697Rajasthan10338 Meghalaya475Sikkim209 Mizoram409Tamilnadu11897 Nagaland328Tripura710 Orissa8192U. P. 17584 Pondicherry91Uttarakhand2719 Punjab3842W. B. 8700 Each facility center in the network is independent in itself, thereby satisfying the condition of Horizontal Networks, but each central / metro / common facility center is dependent on the traffic / mail at other service centers also, thereby working as Mixed Network Structures. India post has about 387 mail offices to process the mails through its network and conveyed by rail, road, and airlines all over the country. Facility decision in mail service sector includes the office layout, customer support, guidance, and customer interface with employees, basic facilities for employees and services available. India Post is oldest mail service in India and some of the offices of India Post are very old. The ambience, infrastructure, facilities is not comparable to private agency offices, which are equipped with modern infrastructure and facilities. â€Å"Project Arrow† is a step toward modernization of post offices. It focuses on creating conducive and friendly work environment for staff and customers, information technology enabled services and improving the quality of core business services, primarily focusing in rural areas. It has been implemented in more than 15000 post offices and more post offices are in process of implementation. In comparison to private service providers, India Post has maximum reach, are available at the last mile. Private agencies are working for profit maximization therefore they operate in limited space, and their presence is imited to metro cities and some critical business locations. Due to limited offices and service centers, they have made their offices IT enabled and customer friendly. Process Technology The meaning of the process technology lies behind the meaning of focus. Well-managed service organizations are characterized by a high degree of focus. Better focusing such as the utilization of classification schemes, refers to †¢to delivery systems that allow customers to have high contact with the system †¢easy segregation / sorting of mails †¢ease of tracking †¢improving the quality of delivery †¢connection of various location with centralized database †¢management information system and database maintenance Automation and information technology leads to cost savings, consistent and reliable services, it helps to increases the availability of a service operations and the speed of service delivery process that helps in marketing and customer benefits. In mail service, the level of automation depends on amount of load, types of services, quantity of parcels, cost, and risk appetite of the company. For India Post, the scope of Automation and upgradation in process technology can be defined in many areas: †¢Computerized booking of mails and parcels †¢Segregation / sorting of mail according to destination through bar code scanner †¢RFID technology to track the consignment location in real time †¢Hand held devices to confirm the delivery status on real time basis †¢Centralized data management Automatic loading of mails in the Transporting Mode †¢Automatic packing of goods and mail to utilize as full load (except in case of lower quantity) †¢Connectivity of al l facility centers to check the system information in real time †¢Advance booking and pick up parcel †¢Centralized database to better control the address database of customers India Post is lagging in automation of its process. It has implemented barcode technology in most of its services, but it is not fully supported by its aging staff. Most of the post offices in the rural areas are manually functioning. Many post offices, Mail offices, Administrative offices are not yet computerized. Automatic letter sorting machine is under installation in four metropolitan cities of India, which can increase the sorting speed to approx. 35000 per hour. In addition, Mixed Mail sorting machine are also under process of implementation to sort large size letters, parcels/packets to the speed of about 16000 per hour. These machines will help to automate the process with better speed, quality and efficiency. As compared to private mail service providers, most of the offices are fully computerized, with full system integration with centralized server. Their offices are connected with real time information system and the core business functions are controlled through IT. Sourcing and Vertical Integration Sourcing is an important structural aspect of an operations organizations encompasses decision regarding how much of the total work required to create and deliver its services will be done internally and how much can be outsourced from outside organizations. In service industry, outsourcing can reduce the cost of operation. Strategic control in the operation decides the level of outsourcing in mail service. India Post is operating under huge geographical exposure. As a part of its public service, it has to reach to the last consumer in the map. Establishing self-employed service centers at all operating location is costly proposition, therefore to maintain the presence and cost effectiveness it has to outsource some of its activities in the extreme areas of operation. Apart from its front office activities, India Post has scope for outsourcing at almost every stage of operation. Post office maintenance at certain location as per India Post terms and Condition †¢Transportation of dak / mail by road, rail and air through third party agency rather than self procuring the trucks and loaders †¢Deploying a local team for post office maintenance at distant location, but centralized control through district head or regional head post office †¢Dealership and franchise network apart from regular staff †¢Liaison with government organizations and PSU’s to deliver all the mails of govt. institutions through India Post Front office counter franchise India post has a franchise scheme that offers various products and services in urban and upcoming urban areas. Basic features of the Urban franchise model: †¢It provides only counter services, delivery and transmission lies with India post. †¢Provision of services under franchise across the counter for a minimum defined time schedule with flexibility to work round the clock Products and services offered †¢Sale of Stamps and stationery †¢Booking registered articles, speed post articles, money orders, e-post etc. †¢Functioning as an agent for PLI and provide related after sales service, including collection of premia (subject to fulfillment of criteria for PLI agents). †¢Marketing products for which the Department has a corporate agency or tie-up and provide related follow up services (subject to agreement with the other organizations involved). Providing retail and bill/tax/fine collection/payment services of the Department (Subject to agreement with the other organizations involved) †¢Facilitating the provision of e-governance and citizen-centric services (s ubject to agreement with the other organizations involved) †¢Any other service introduced by the Department in future through its outlets which is considered amenable to the franchisee model. (subject to agreement with the other organizations involved) Transportation Service The transportation of mail is through various modes 1. By hand 2. Surface line, road transport 3. Surface line, rail transport 4. Air line, Plane transport India Post has manages mail transportation with their own facilities as well as third party service providers. India post has huge employee base to deliver the post by hand to the recipients, but for the transportation on surface and air, it has its own vehicles and also arrangements with third party logistics vendors. Air transport – international deliveries, India Post has tie-up with premier DHL logistics Mail Motor Services (MMS) – For transmission of mail between mail offices and post offices between cities, India Post has its own fleet of 1282 vehicles, full-fledged maintenance workshop facilities Rail transport – for long distance transmission of mails, India Post has tie-up with Indian Railways Scope for Sourcing 1. Road transportation – India post can outsource the transmission of mails between cities and reduce the load of maintenance and fixed fleet expenses, third party service dedicated to India Post can help in focusing on timely delivery and maintenance of quality service. It offload the risk of transportation, maintenance expenses, buying-selling of vehicles etc 2. Franchise for rural areas – India Post franchise scheme is primarily for Urban Areas where the post office is justified but cannot be opened. For India Post, the focus of expanding the reach should be associated with cost factor. As in urban areas, the cost of opening a post office would be high. Similarly, operating cost in the far distant rural areas will also be high. In order to minimize the cost of operation, India Post can outsource some of its urban offices, and similarly rural office, where the cost of operation for local would be lesser than setting up self-employed service centers. 3. Long-term contracts with Customers – India Post can leverage on its wide presence, and govt. institution tag for getting long-term contracts with other govt. institutions and PSUs for delivery of all mails through India Post. This will ensure dedicated source of Income for India Post, and beyond that, it will be a great financial assistance to serve the rural areas. Infrastructural Decisions A company’s operations infrastructure is composed of its policies and systems governing a number of activities, from capital budgeting and equipment selection to organizational structure. Each of these systems often has repercussions and implications for other infrastructural and structural elements. Resource allocation and capital budgeting systems Human Resource systems India Post has workforce, which is old aged, there has been no fresh recruitment in India Post from many years for junior and senior level management positions. In the present system, where consumer are growing at fast pace, and the technology and information system is growing in the industry, there is need of well-informed and responsive workforce that can understand the existing IT and customers need. Due to aging workforce, computer literacy among the employees is not at par and training and development of employees has taken a back step in the policies of India Post. Although, India Post organizes many training program for its middle / senior level management employees but due to aging factor, the life expectancy in the organization as well the contribution in the organization is limited. Work Planning and Control systems Quality systems The quality system has been focused upon by India post since 2005-06. With the prioritization of computerization in 2006-07 for the development of India post, the Government has laid focus on improving service levels and to enable electronic networking of about 1, 30,000 rural Post Offices. Recently, A Plan costing Rs. 1877. 2 Crores has been formulated to computerize the Post Offices in Rural areas to further improvise on this front. Project Arrow was launched in April 2008. The project envisages up gradation of Post Offices in urban and rural areas both in terms of upgrading and enhancing the quality of service in â€Å"core areas† and improving their â€Å"look and feel†. The project aims at creating a conducive and friendly work environment both for the staff and the customers visiting the Post Offices, providing all IT enabled services through secure connectivity, improving the service quality levels in the core business areas e. g. Mail delivery, Remittances both electronic and manual and Postal Savings schemes. The â€Å"Look and Feel† activity focuses on improvement in Branding, Information Technology, Human Resource and Infrastructure. Based on the audit report of Project Arrow conducted over 50 post offices of 10 states: 1. In terms of Performance on Mail Delivery, Registered letter performances were 99 %, where as the figures for Ordinary mail varied between 94 to 100%. For Speed post it ranged between 98 to 99 %. 2. In terms of time taken for delivery of letters, post offices scored between 90 to 92% during the 3 rounds of Audit though a higher score was expected. Till June 2012, the Project has been implemented in respect of monitoring of core areas in more than 15,500 Post Offices and â€Å"Look and Feel† has been improved in 1,530 Post Offices. The Government has recently started a new Automated Mail Processing Centre (AMPC) in Delhi on August 20, 2012 to improve mail quality with next-generation sorting centres and to modernize the mail processing operations at India Post. The new letter sorting machine can sort 35,000 letters per hour, while the mixed mail sorter can process 20,000 letters, packets and small parcels an hour. The automated sorting systems should â€Å"considerably† improve sorting errors and improve the quality of mail services, the government said, with the new mixed mail sorter scanning tracking barcodes automatically as items are being sorted. Processing efficiency should also improve because mail can be sorted in a single run, while manual sorting had required a second stage of sorting. As per an interview given by Siemens, the developer of AMPC, to the media; â€Å"The automation route will â€Å"significantly† reduce processing time and save â€Å"considerable† cost for the Indian postal department. Handwriting or language is no longer a barrier as the special IVR by Siemens can read various scripts e. g. Greek, Cyrilic, Arabic, Chinese, English, Hindi. For the postal centers at Delhi and Kolkata, this machine will be able to read English and Hindi and as a result will enable Department of Post to provide better and more efficient services with hig h level of productivity† . From quality aspects as such, the ministry is taking measures like the introduction of AMPC and Project Arrow to improvise the quality. Still, a lot of rural villages are not computerized and timely delivery of mails has been a major issue. Also, the technologies like AMPC need to reach out to more major cities for further reducing the cost and improve service levels. The Government provides money bank guarantee of Rs 500 on damage or loss of any parcel but no specifications regarding this are provided. As such, a lot of people prefer other courier services to send valuable or important mails/parcels. Measurement and reward systems One of the major problems with India post is the undefined promotion structure. The employees are bound for a fixed pay and no variable pay/ Incentives are provided. The promotion is based on experience rather than utility/ quality and irrespective of poor showing at work, job security is provided which makes the system lazy. Frequent transfer of employees and low growth potential for an individual are few other concerns which needs to be addressed upon along with a continuous feedback system of employees. Product and process development systems India Post although the oldest and most significant player in mail service but with time the competitors has taken a lead and the social obligation of India Post has put them in back step in process development, improvement and fast implementation. The project team for process improvisation works on the guidelines given by the members after approval for the Ministry of Telecommunications and IT, larger projects has to get the approval from the ministry before commencement. Organization structure The organization structure of India Post is a complex organization structure (Exhibit 1). It has many vertical layers and simultaneously horizontal divisions. India Post is a government body, therefore the bureaucratic organization structure is inevitable, it has members deputed by Govt. of India as well as personnel that are recruited by India Post itself. Due to various business dimensions (postal mail service, PF fund, MNREGA fund, Bank, Finance, Forex etc) of India Post, each business vertical is treated as separate business unit and therefore makes the structure more complex. The organization structure is a centralized, and bureaucratic, power to take decision lies with the senior management and staff is primarily to do the regular business / operational activities. Operations Strategy for India Post Considering, the fact that India post is the Govt. institutional body and their prime focus is to serve the mass market by offering its services at lowest possible rates with high quality and good speed. In addition, India Post desires to be self-sustaining organization, it involves trade-offs between operation strategy matrix parameters (Price, Quality, Dependability, Flexibility and Speed). They can make their product primarily in two segments: 1. Business Mails2. General Mails General Mails – it is for mass market focusing on public, for cost sensitive customers (primarily poor people), delivery of mails to any location with a specified time delivery. Business Mails – it is specialized service, other than just sending mails (other than General Mails), the prices should be competitive with other private players, delivery time specified, service customization as required by the customers. E. g. speed post, registered post, logistics, parcels and box parcel etc. Exhibit 1 : Organization Structure, India Post How to cite India Post Strategy, Essay examples

Superstitions Essays - Manufacturing, Robotics, Robot,

Superstitions The technology which surrounds almost everyone in the modern society, affects both work and leisure activities. Technology contains information that many would rather it did not have. It influences minds in good and bad ways, and it allows people to share information which they would otherwise not be able to attain. Even if a person does not own a computer or have credit cards, there is information on a computer somewhere about everyone. The technology which is just now beginning to be manipulated and harnessed is affecting the minds of small children and adolescents in ways that could be harmful. It is affecting our immediate future. It also gives another form of communication and exchange of information which was not available before, information that is both good and bad. Technology is one of the principal driving forces of the future; it is transforming our lives and shaping our future at rates unprecedented in history, with profound implications which we can't even begin to see or understand. Many different elements affect how satisfied we are with our lives. The impact of technology on these elements can change how safe, healthy and happy people feel. Throughout history, people have looked for better ways to meet their needs and to satisfy their expectations. Technology has improved the way people feed, clothe and shelter themselves. Technology has also changed other aspects of everyday life, such as health care, education, job satisfaction, and leisure time activities. People have used technology since they first chipped stone blades to improve their hunting. Yet some people call the current age the "Technological Age" because of society's dependence on technology. For the first time in human history, almost all the goods and services people use depend on technology. The products of technology are available to almost everyone in society. The economy of a country influences how the people of the county live. Technology is often considered the key to a nation's economic growth. Most economists would say that it is one of the factors in economic growth, but they would probably disagree about its importance. Many economists think that if technology sparks growth in one sector of the economy in the form of increased productivity, growth will also occur in other sectors of the economy. Jobs may be lost in one industry, such as agriculture but new jobs may emerge in other sectors of the economy. There may be more jobs or, in some case, completely new kinds of jobs. Technology may also be used to solve urgent problems. Our growing population is using up infinite supplies of natural resources. Innovations in technology can allow for more efficient use of limited or scarce resources. More products might be made from the same amount of raw material using new techniques. Technology can increase productivity to help countries compete with other countries in selling goods and services. Some say that without technological improvements, the economy would grow slowly or not at all. Society could remain the same for years, some what like the early Middle Ages in Europe, in which there was little economic change for hundreds of years. Ways to manufacture goods have changed continuously through history. Today, several important new advances in technology are transforming. These technologies create new products; most of them also change the way people in society interact. These technologies have a tremendous impact on our monetary resources. Some of the technologies which are having the greatest effect on the economy are: robotics, automation and computerization. Robotics: Artificial Intelligence Although robotics have a well-established position in the Japanese industry, it has not, so far, turned out to be what many experts thought it would. Businesses in the United States and Europe have not embraced industrial robots at nearly the rate of the Japanese, and other more consumer oriented versions are very much in the development phase. Even so, industry sources believe that the use of robots to make clothes and other consumer goods will be common by the turn of the century. This general trend (the use of robotics) is likely to change, perhaps dramatically, in the next two decades. Robots are in one sense collections of other more basic technologies: sensors, controlling and analysis software, pattern recognition capabilities and so on. Most all of these other technologies will make significant strides in capability, size, power requirements, and other design characteristics and the integration of these other advances should accrue directly to robotics. Robots are machines which combine computer technology with industrial machines. The computers are programmed to operated the machines. Robots come in many shapes and sizes

Free Essays on FOR Affirmative ACTION

What is affirmative action? Affirmative action is defined as a tool to monitor the consequences of employment practices. Affirmative action analyses determine whether employment practices result in a diverse applicant pool. The following quote by the former United States Secretary of Labor, Robert Reich, seems to summarize the government's perception of this sensitive subject: An Affirmative Action Plan is a â€Å"careful, systematic analysis of who you’ve got, who’s out there, and how you are going to broaden opportunity. The plan creates opportunity. It’s not a quota machine. The purpose of goals and timetables in Affirmative Action Plans is to get employers to cast a wider net to find qualified applicants.† Throughout the history of the United States of America the intense and controversial view of "equality" has been a hot topic. With that in mind, our founding fathers of this great country set forth the three theories of what every citizen should be entitled to; freedom, order and equality. Their perception of what equality meant has taken on many different definitions as we as a society have evolved and changed. As a human being and especially as a citizen of the United States of America, I believe that civil rights are a very intricate part of our existence. When those rights are violated, a person tends to feel betrayed and persecuted due to their color, race, religion or personal beliefs. Therefore, the context of affirmative action seems to play a part in the balance of equality. In 1954, the Supreme Court issued a controversial ruling in the case of Brown vs. The Board of Education. The Court ruled that the concept of "separate, but equal facilities established on the basis of race" be deemed unconstitutional. Since racism and indifference had restricted rights for blacks, executive orders issued by presidents in the 1950s and 1960s established the concept of anti-discrimination measures to guarantee fair... Free Essays on FOR Affirmative ACTION Free Essays on FOR Affirmative ACTION What is affirmative action? Affirmative action is defined as a tool to monitor the consequences of employment practices. Affirmative action analyses determine whether employment practices result in a diverse applicant pool. The following quote by the former United States Secretary of Labor, Robert Reich, seems to summarize the government's perception of this sensitive subject: An Affirmative Action Plan is a â€Å"careful, systematic analysis of who you’ve got, who’s out there, and how you are going to broaden opportunity. The plan creates opportunity. It’s not a quota machine. The purpose of goals and timetables in Affirmative Action Plans is to get employers to cast a wider net to find qualified applicants.† Throughout the history of the United States of America the intense and controversial view of "equality" has been a hot topic. With that in mind, our founding fathers of this great country set forth the three theories of what every citizen should be entitled to; freedom, order and equality. Their perception of what equality meant has taken on many different definitions as we as a society have evolved and changed. As a human being and especially as a citizen of the United States of America, I believe that civil rights are a very intricate part of our existence. When those rights are violated, a person tends to feel betrayed and persecuted due to their color, race, religion or personal beliefs. Therefore, the context of affirmative action seems to play a part in the balance of equality. In 1954, the Supreme Court issued a controversial ruling in the case of Brown vs. The Board of Education. The Court ruled that the concept of "separate, but equal facilities established on the basis of race" be deemed unconstitutional. Since racism and indifference had restricted rights for blacks, executive orders issued by presidents in the 1950s and 1960s established the concept of anti-discrimination measures to guarantee fair...

Writing Your AMCAS Personal Statement

Writing Your AMCAS Personal Statement Writing an AMCAS personal statement for medical school is tricky. While your essay has to convey a message of professionalism and attention to detail, it must also be entertaining and informative. As someone who knows quite a bit about writing AMCAS essays, allow me to offer the following information. The American Medical College Application service helps thousands of students apply to hundreds of colleges all over the world. Most medical school directors use the AMCAS application (as opposed to their own) in order to make things easier on their staff as well as the students. Whats terrific about the AMCAS personal essay is that the same one is sent to every college applied. In other words, applicants dont have to write a separate personal essay for every school in which theyre interested. That which makes the AMCAS process easier, however, also makes it more difficult. Since all the med schools are aware that their AMCAS applicants only have to write one essay, they are counting on those essays to be stellar. That is why I encourage all AMCAS applicants to take their time with the essay section. Write several drafts, if necessary, and hire a professional editor to help you with the final revision. The AMCAS application process is tough, thats for sure. Fortunately, there are many professional editing companies that can help. For assistance in finding an editor to proof your AMCAS personal statement, or if you need help writing your secondary essays and/or residency program personal statement, please access the link provided.

Replay Sports Bar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Replay Sports Bar - Essay Example The researcher affirms that Replay Sports Bar will be offering private and public lounges where people can enjoy the game. Private lounges can be booked by people for a particular time so that they can enjoy any match with their friends and family. The idea of this business is to make sports more thrilling and exciting to watch with the help of advanced technology like LCD and Plasma Screens, Home theatre systems etc. In addition to this, Replay Sports Bar will be building relationships with the client so that they become long term customers of the company. Analysts predict that the industry would grow as the economy recovers from recession. The sales of the industry have been highly influenced because of recession and people have been highly conscious during recession about where they should spent money and this reduced the overall sales of the industry. Though, as the economy recovers, the sales of the industry would grow. Although there are competitors operating in the industry bu t they do not offer such exciting environment and atmosphere as the management of Replay Sports Bar will be offering and thus it will be the main point to attract customers. Also competitors do not focus on offering personalised services and building relationships with the client, therefore it will be another additional advantage to Replay Sports Bar. Replay Sports Bar will also focus on maintaining quality of food and offering foods at a quick time so that people do not have to wait a long to get their meal. According to projections, Replay Sports Bar expects to make profits from the first year. Financial statements show that Replay Sports Bar would make a profit of ?3,500 in the first year which is expected to increase with the passage of time. It has been estimated that the sales of Replay Sports Bar would increase in 2013 and also it will also expand in some other city as well. Profit margin of Replay Sports Bar is expected to be 7%, 13% and 18% in 2012, 2013 and 2014 respective ly. 2.0. mission, vision & culture 2.1. Mission Statement â€Å"To be the leading bar that offers exceptional environment for sport lovers to watch every single match at Replay Sports Bar† 2.2. Vision Statement â€Å"To become the leader in the Sports Bar Industry of UK† 2.3. Culture: Replay Sports Bar will be having a friendly culture and environment where employees will be trained to greet customers and ensure that customers are highly satisfied. The environment created at the Replay Sports Bar will make even non-sports lover enjoy the sports and enjoy the thrill and excitement of watching variety of sports. The company will also

Research Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt Paper

Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt - Research Paper Example His New Deal program significantly enlarged the function and responsibilities of the U.S. federal government. This paper analyzes and discusses the life and legacy of Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt as U.S. presidents. The discussion focuses on their response to the bigger national and global issues during their presidency. Woodrow Wilson, the 28th president of the United States, considered himself the defender of the masses and the mouthpiece of the people. He declared, â€Å"No one but the President seems to be expected†¦ to look out for the general interests of the country† (Cook 98). He was a liberal reformist and took on global leadership in creating a new global order. He announced in 1917 that the involvement of the United States in the First World War is a campaign to build a world that is ‘friendly’ to democratic ideologies. Wilson had witnessed the horror and atrociousness of warfare. He was born in 1856 in Virginia to a Presbyterian pastor of the Civil War. After finishing his studies at Princeton and the University of Virginia Law School, he obtained his university degree at John Hopkins University and embarked on an academic profession (Freidel 61). Wilson progressed quickly as a traditionalist, conformist young university lecturer of political science and was elected in 1902 as head of Princeton. His flourishing national popularity encouraged a number of conservative Democrats to view him as a good candidate for presidency. At first they convinced him to run for the position of New Jersey’s Governor in 1910 (Gaines 48). During the campaign he declared his autonomy from the conservatives and from the system that had recommended him, promoting a liberal program, which he carried out as governor. In 1912, during the Democratic Convention, Wilson was nominated for presidency and promoted the project New Freedom, which emphasized individuality and the rights of states. In the tripartite

Cardiovascular System in Parabolic Flight and Spaceflights

Cardiovascular System in Parabolic Flight and Spaceflights Human Spaceflight: Alterations of the cardiovascular system during parabolic flights and spaceflights The purpose of this research is to identify the changes occurring during parabolic flights and spaceflights, where theres weightlessness. The importance of the cardiovascular system in space, is recognised as well as some of its fundamentals based on past researches. In addition, since parabolic flights are a way of experimenting physiological alterations in the human body, instead of actual spaceflights, the procedure needed for the airbus to reach microgravity conditions is indicated as well. Findings, such as low plasma volume, circulatory pressure, central venous pressure, stroke volume and also the heart rate of the cardiovascular system are stated from past investigations. Also countermeasures, such as exercise and diet are also briefly discussed. Introduction Microgravity is the phenomena where objects or people experience weightlessness. Astronauts and objects face microgravity in space, where the gravity is very small (micro) and they float (free fall). Even though astronauts are relatively heavy, they can move easily inside or outside the spacecraft (Wall, 2015). Under microgravity circumstances, the physiology of the cardiovascular system changes and it reacts unlikely relative to the gravity of the Earth leading to body alterations such as redistribution of blood, cardiac arrhythmia and orthostatic hypotension (Zhu, Wang, and Liu, 2015).These changes may occur pre-flight, in flight or post-flight and they may impact the astronauts health. Moreover these changes can affect either healthy astronauts or astronauts with past heart diseases. Due to the environment, the body of the astronaut learns how to adapt under the new conditions and works relatively quickly. In order to investigate and analyse the changes of the human physiology, various microgravity based researches were conducted, not only by spaceflights but also by parabolic flights and bed rest studies. Measurements are taken in three stages of the astronauts body, pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight, known as the long duration since astronauts are sent to space missions while these measurements are taken. Although, for more data, investigators managed to create microgravity condition for 20-30 seconds, using parabolic flights, known as the short-term duration, which is clearly a cheaper way to collect data. Another way to study the adaptation of human physiology in space is bed rest studies, where volunteers spend up to 2 months in a bed, with their head end at an angle of 6ÂÂ ° beneath the horizontal axis. All volunteers eat, shower and exercise while they are in bed. The cardiovascular system In order to analyse the cardiovascular system in space, some fundamentals of the heart should be noted. A healthy cardiovascular system is essential for astronauts going to space, since the heart functions differently in microgravity and it is responsible for many main functions of the body. The physiology of the cardiovascular system in space, therefore will be altered and this can impact the function of the system. Transporting nutrients (e.g. oxygen O2, food) to the tissues of the body, waste removal (e.g. carbon dioxide CO2, by-products) and controlling heat distribution between the body core and the skin (temperature) are some main function of the cardiovascular system (Evans, 2012). Heart is one of the muscles in our bodies which is constantly in action and it is part of the cardiovascular system. This system also includes arteries, veins and capillaries, all known as blood vessels. Additionally, O2 and CO2 are delivered and collected, respectively, to and from various organs, through blood vessels pumped by the heart.ÂÂ   Furthermore, the cardiovascular system is responsible for the blood pumped towards the heart, due to the muscles of the legs (Evans, 2012). The cardiovascular system in weightlessness When an astronaut is bare in space, the cardiovascular system learns how to function in such an environment.ÂÂ   The cardiovascular system changes in microgravity, since the downward force of gravity does not exist anymore, as it existed on Earths environment. Therefore, due to the lack of the gravitational force, blood and body fluids are not uniformly distributed in the body, but more importantly in the legs, where all these fluids shift upwards, towards the head, resulting for astronauts to have puffy faces and less leg circumference (bird legs), as shown in Figure 1. Fluid shift in the body, leads to the increase of the size of the heart, initially, in order to handle the increase of the blood flow. This occurs during the first day of exposure in microgravity. In addition, due to the upward direction of the fluids, astronauts do not feel as thirsty, resulting to the reduction of the fluid levels after the first day and the heart shrinks (Lujan, Bartner, and White, 1994). Figure 1: Illustration of fluid shift level. The fluids are distributed uniformly, pre-flight (left), fluids shift, during flight (bird legs and puffy faces)(middle) and post flight, the pressure is lower in the upper body, due to gravity, causing faintness to the human. (Watenpaugh and Hargens, 1996) Parabolic flights and the cardiovascular system Airbus A300 Zero G is the aircraft used by the French company Novespace for simulation of microgravity through parabolic flights, between 1997 and 2014 as shown in Figure 2. Agencies such as the European Space Agency (ESA) and the German Aerospace Centre, performed researches using this airbus in the stated period of time, but by 2015 the new Airbus A310 Zero G replaced it. Figure 2: The Airbus A300 ZERO-G as it is flying in an incline of 40ÂÂ ° to reach 0g. (Pletser, et al., 2015) These aircrafts, were built for researches due to testing results before or after space missions, by achieving parabolic flights under weightlessness for 20 seconds (Pletser, et al. 2015). More specifically, the airplane from a steady horizontal altitude, pulls up at an angle approximately 40ÂÂ ° in a period of 20s, resulting to an acceleration between 1.8 g and 2 g and therefore, the engines start to slow down, which leads to microgravity conditions inside the aircraft as it reaches the peak of the parabola. Finally, the aircraft generates an acceleration of 1.8 g to 2 g, while flying back down with roughly 40ÂÂ ° again for 20s and then before returning to its initial steady altitude, repeats the manoeuvre from the beginning, as shown in Figure 3 (ESA, 2004). In addition, parabolic flights can investigate how the cardiovascular system of the human body reacts under 0-g conditions, within this period of time by spending relatively less money than actual spaceflights. Figure 3: This figure illustrates the manoeuvre which the aircraft (thick-black line) follows to generate microgravity conditions and demonstrates the acceleration and the microgravity level as well. (ESA,2004) Between 2010 and 2012, Novespace undertook an experiment based on the reaction of the cardiovascular system during a parabolic flight, using the Airbus A300 Zero-G. The test presents a short duration of microgravity, where the fluids inside the body are distributed. The heart is pumped with more blood than usual resulting to an increase of the blood pressure in the ventricles of the heart. The stoke volume of the cardiovascular system remained constant but the heart rate decreased by 14 min-1. Furthermore, it was stated that astronauts were in an environment, where the body lacked sufficient oxygen supply, known as hypobaric hypoxia condition (HH) and since the study is under a parabolic flight, the gravity was shifting as well. This kind of environment influenced the cardiovascular system, where the data obtained for the plasma volume showed a decrease mostly due to HH, from -52 ml (hypobaric chamber) to -115 ml (parabolic flight) (Limper and Gauger ,2014). Another research, compare d the data for humans in supine posture, under normal gravity and microgravity in parabolic flight (0G), which showed an increase in cardiac filling pressure resulting to the diameter of the left atrium to increase by 3.6 mm. At the same time the central venous pressure (CVP) decreased by 1.3 mmHg but the transmural CVP increased by 4.3 mmHg. Finally, as soon as an astronaut returns to Earth, due to the gravity, the blood flow is reduced and that can cause the astronaut to collapse (Watenpaugh and Hargens, 1996). These results were obtained by researches, in order to investigate the consequences of the cardiovascular system under weightlessness, by avoiding actual spaceflights, where these changes are only temporarily. The cardiovascular system during spaceflights As soon as astronauts enter space, the fluid levels in the body are not uniformly distributed as they were on Earth, which results to alterations of the cardiovascular system. As it was mentioned in parabolic flights, the astronauts are under hypobaric- hypoxia conditions, meaning that the oxygen saturation decreases (SaO2) and hence the oxygen in the blood. It has been stated that the concentration of O2 in the blood can drop down to 75%, where usually this levels should be more than 80%, but if the astronauts stays in space for longer, this concentration will increase back to 85% (Opatz and Gunga, 2014). Moreover, the mass of the heart decreases during spaceflights and therefore the heart rate is less than that on Earth. In 1996, it was reported that the heart rate would increase as the astronaut continuous to be under microgravity circumstances, during a long-term spaceflight (Charles, Frey, and Fritsch-Yelle, 1996). In weightlessness, significant effects were also realised, the c ardiac output increased whereas the systolic and diastolic pressure decreased (Hamilton, Sargsyan, and Martin, 2011). Hence, stroke volume is also reduced, due to hypovolemia which is responsible for hypotension and atrophy of the heart (Levine, 1997). Investigators postulate that plasma volume decreases from the first day and it continuous to reduce throughout the whole spaceflight by 17%. This occurs, because of the negative fluid distribution and the fluid movement towards the extravascular space and therefore the orthostatic intolerance (Alfrey, Udden, and Leach- Huntoon, 1996). A study reported by J.C Buckey et al. 1996, studied the central venous pressure (CVP) in space and stated that the CVP increases during the launch and more in the spaceflight. The left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) was also analysed in order to figure out how it is affected by microgravity. Furthermore, it was stated that as astronauts enter space, the LVEDV and therefore the total heart volume increases significantly. While the astronaut is in space, the body adjusts to the environment resulting to the LVEDV to decrease (Buckey Jr. and Gaffney, 1996) Countermeasures For short duration exposure, effects are less than actual spaceflights where the duration could be more than 6 months. It is really important for astronauts to be healthy during a mission, therefore some actions should be taken in order to counteract these threats of their physiology. It has been reported that somatic stress in weightlessness effects the cardiac arrhythmia (Romanov et al., 1987). The astronauts must exercise and have a healthy diet, before and during the spaceflight, to ensure the appropriate volume for extravehicular action (Hargens, 2009). Also, the lower body negative pressure (LBNP) should be exercised regularly since it increases the plasma volume (Watenpaugh and Hargens, 1996) and in fact, aerobic exercise keeps the aerobic volume (peak of VO2) constant. For long-term exposure in microgravity, exercising machines, provided in the spacecraft can reduce the consequences of the physiology of the astronaut after returning to Earth. Although, studies have not shown the particular amount and type of exercise, that astronauts should perform, yet (Schneider and Watenpaugh, 2002). Discussion and Conclusion Researches within the last 20 years, examined how the cardiovascular system adapts under microgravity conditions, in order to provide astronauts with a safe working environment and physiology. Astronauts are sent to space to test experiments for the future of science, but their lives shouldnt be at risk. Due to microgravity, several characteristics of the cardiovascular system are affected. The fluids in the body of an astronaut exposed in microgravity, shift head-wards due to the missing gravitational force. Therefore, plasma volume and mean circulatory filling pressure are decreased. Hence, there are effects on the central venous pressure (CVP) and stroke volume, which both are reduced during weightlessness. The heart rate is also declined due to these changes, in order to maintain the arterial blood pressure and metabolism. Some of these parameters can affect significantly the astronauts health and in rare cases may lead to tragedies, since they are long- term flights. Although, w hen subjects are under investigation in parabolic flights, these changes are only temporarily. Also, countermeasures, such as aerobic exercises and healthy diet, before, during and after the spaceflight are required. These actions may reduce the orthostatic hypotension of astronauts during flights but also as they return back to Earth. More experiments will be conducted in the future, where researchers will have an even better understanding of space environment and the physiology in it. References Alfrey, C.P., Udden, M.M. and Leach- Huntoon, C. (1996) Control of red blood cell mass in spaceflight, Journal of Applied Physiology, 81(1), pp. 98-104. Buckey Jr., J.C. and Gaffney, F.A. (1996) Central venous pressure in space, Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 81(1), pp. 19-25. Charles, J.B., Frey, M.A. and Fritsch-Yelle, J.M. (1996) Cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory function, Space biology and medicine. Reston (VA): American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautic, , pp. 63-88. ESA (2004) What happens to the human heart in space? Available at: http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bulletin119/bul119_chap4.pdf (Accessed: 2014). ESA (2015) Bedrest and ground studies. Available at: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Research/Bedrest_and_ground_studies (Accessed: 30 January 2017). Evans, J.D.W. (2012) Crash course cardiovascular system, 4e (crash Course-UK). 4th edn. Edinburgh: Elsevier Health Sciences. Hamilton, D.R., Sargsyan, A.E. and Martin, D.S. (2011) On-orbit prospective echocardiography on International Space Station crew., Echocardiography, 28(5), pp. 491-501. Hargens, A.R. and Richardson, S. (2009) Cardiovascular adaptations, fluid shifts, and countermeasures related to space flight., Respiratory Physiology Neurobiology, 169, pp. 30-33. Levine, B.D. (1997) Cardiac atrophy after bed-rest deconditioning: a nonneural mechanism for orthostatic intolerance, Circulation, 96, pp. 517-525. Limper, U. and Gauger, P. (2014) Interactions of the human cardiopulmonary, hormonal and body fluid systems in parabolic flight, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(6), pp. 1281-1295. Lujan, B.F., Bartner, H. and White, R.J. (1994) Human physiology in space : a curriculum supplement for secondary schools. Washington, D.C. : National Aeronautics and Space Administration: . Opatz, O. and Gunga, H.-C. (2014) Human physiology in extreme environments. San Diego, CA, United States: Academic Press. Pletser, V. and et al. (2015) European parabolic flight campaigns with Airbus ZERO-G: Looking back at the A300 and looking forward to the A310, Advances in Space Research, 56(5), pp. 1003-1013. Romanov, E.M. and et al. (1987) [Results of long-term electrocardiographic examinations of cosmonauts, Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, 21, pp. 10-14. Schneider, S.M. and Watenpaugh, D.E. (2002) Lower-body negative-pressure exercise and bed-rest-mediated orthostatic intolerance, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34, pp. 1446-1453. Shelhamer, M. (1996) Parabolic flight as a spaceflight analog, Journal of Applied Physiology, 120(12), pp. 1442-8. Wall, J. (2015) What is Microgravity? Available at: https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-microgravity-58.html (Accessed: 30 January 2017). Watenpaugh, D.E. and Hargens, A.R. (1996) The cardiovascular system in microgravity, Handbook oh physiology : Environmental physiology, , pp. 631-674. Â   Â   Zhu, H., Wang, H. and Liu, Z. (2015) Effects of real and simulated weightlessness on the cardiac and peripheral vascular functions of humans: A review., International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 28(5), pp. 793-802.