George Washington Proclamation Of Neutrality

Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality George Washington's decision to announce a policy of neutrality benefited the e nation because it protected them from foreign enemies and it prevented riots and in correction between political parties. The proclamation of neutrality, issued in 1 793, was published to Stay neutral between the French and British during their war and became the foundation f American policy toward Europe until the twentieth century.Both American political parties ink ewe that they were too weak to get involved in a war and too dependent on British trade. They gag reed that the United States could bankrupt the federal government if they entered the con flick. This policy of neutrality prevented the nation from being too attached to another, as stated in Washington's Farewell Address, â€Å"so likewise, a passionate attachment Of one nation for anon her produces a variety of evils. This decision also prevented the United States from creating enemies with the opposin g nation. Washington also wanted to announce a policy of neutrality b teen political parties. He states in the Farewell Address, â€Å"It agitates the community with LIFO ended jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, foments occasionally riot and insurrection.It opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which find s a facilitated access to the government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another†¦ † This pass age explains how the dispute between the political parties will create riots between the people. Washington's decision to announce a policy of neutrality benefited the nation in numerous ways.

The Use Of Performance Enhancing Drugs Popularly Known As...

Management of doping in sport Student’s name Professor Course Date Literature review Introduction The current issue in sport particularly athletics is the use of performance enhancing drugs popularly known as doping. Spectacular doping cases have risen in the sporting arena that has caused unexpected situations and annoyed the public who are the fans. People have limited knowledge regarding doping though it is an ancient time issue. As a result, some people believe that all professional athletes have always been doped to achieve the standards of good performance and even compete and win in most of the great tournaments (Anderson, 2013). However, the number of athletes that have been positively tested has been small and almost non-representative thus raising suspension that only a few athletes are the influence of drugs. This is not therefore enough to make a generalized conclusion concerning the world of sports. Overview of doping The high rewards in selective tournaments require that competitors possess some features such as high level of practice and sacrifice regarding energy and time. Others have gone to the extremes of using questionable methods and behaviors in pursuit of these rewards and depending on the sleekness of the fruits; the contestants have gone on to engage in more practices to get there. Some of these activities are against the organizer’s interest, for instance, the use of steroids and other products to enhance performance by professional athletesShow MoreRelatedDrug Abuse8640 Words   |  35 Pagesthe report on ‘drug abuse’ has been made by our group to give an idea of the calamitous cause of using drugs in improper way. The report is intended to serve the purpose of providing the knowledge about drug abuse and to suggest ways to help limit drug abuse. An effort has been made on our part to include certain symptoms which indicate drug abuse. Also thr oughout the report, repetitive use of the drug abuse’ has been made to instate into the minds of the reader the cause of using drug abuse in an illicit

Rhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech - 1198 Words

The, â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech given by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is arguably the most emotionally moving and persuasive speech of all time. But, to understand the speech one must first understand the context. At this time, the slave era was far gone but, not forgotten. Negro men and women were still experiencing segregation in the 1960’s. There was negro bathrooms, negro schools, negro water fountains, and even negro restaurants. Martin Luther King Jr. was an influential black man who took on the fight for equality. King presents his speech to a crowded Lincoln memorial — the same Lincoln who delivered the Emancipation Proclamation which freed enslaved Negros in the south nearly a hundred years before. King’s speech, later known as the, â€Å"I†¦show more content†¦Why has nothing improved? We as humans are always improving, so when King points out this fact it is an immediate red flag. Logos is used throughout the message to persuade the au dience as well as establish credibility to the speaker. Ethos is the second point of the rhetorical triangle. Ethos is the credibility of the speaker or the persuasion that a speaker is credible. Ethos is essential to the message of the speech because if a speech is not credible then how can any of the points be perceived as true. King establishes himself as credible by including facts that were commonly known as true. For example, the Negro was not free and everyone was aware of the prejudice. By saying these commonly held facts King establishes himself as a reliable source. The last and most prominent aspect of the rhetorical triangle is pathos. Pathos is the use of emotion in trying to persuade an audience. Pathos is in the words, in the delivery, and also in the situation. King’s speech to Washington D.C. that day sparked a flame of emotion that fueled the walk on Washington for black rights. Dr. King used many key, emotional, words and phrases to help persuade his audien ce. In line four, the very beginning of his speech, he begins with five score years ago. Curiously that sounds incredibly close to the address given by President Lincoln. The same man who set the negro slaves free. He uses this famous line to get people thinking about the current situation comparedShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech924 Words   |  4 Pagesis his â€Å"I have a dream† speech. The reason â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech made massive impacts, is due to It struck directly into the hearts of Americans both black and white making America realize just what is really going on in this world. King informed people about racial equality and fairness. This speech hit home so well just by the way he structured his speech. You can notice that MLK structures his speech to appeal to the different types of audience, supporting it with the three rhetorical modes;Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech752 Words   |  4 Pages28, 1963 At the Lincoln Commemoration 200,000 individuals accumulated after the Walk on Washington. This is the place Dr. Martin Luther conveyed his discourse I Have a Dream to America. He talked about the treacheries of isolation and separation of African Americans that was occurring in our country. In his first explanation he stated, I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation. In this announcement heRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech1058 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King Jr’s â€Å"I have a Dream† demonstrates the combination of the rhetorical appeals to support his argument for equality and social justice because he draws attention to the past history of America’s Injustice and oppression towards black Americans. One of the explanations that the I Have a Dream address by Martin Luther King Jr. is memorable is that it contains a superb balance of Ari stotles 3 rhetorical appeals: attribute, pathos, and logos. Ethos is associate charm to authorityRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech1061 Words   |  5 Pagesleader in the Civil Rights Movement. He is widely known for his speech that took place on 28 August 1963, â€Å"I Have a Dream.† This speech aimed toward the entire nation. King’s main purpose in this speech was to convince his audience to demand racial justice and for them all to stand up together for their rights. In this speech, King uses emotional and logical appeal to gain the audiences support. He applied many rhetorical devices to his speech to connect with the audience’s emotions, and to logicallyRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech900 Words   |  4 PagesThe speaker of this essay that I will be writing about is Martin Luther King Jr. He was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia at his family house. He was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Ri ghts Movement. Martin Luther King Jr. was a great American, worked for civil rights in the United States in the 1950s and 60s. He became so popular and well liked that he was hated just as intensely by those who disagreed with theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech865 Words   |  4 Pagesin history. Throughout his speech, King employs many rhetorical devices that further his appeal for civil rights. King establishes his credibility as soon as he steps to the podium. King, an American civil rights activist and leader, was already known by the American people for his leadership throughout the civil rights movement. His leadership role as a civil rights activist asserts his message as credible and true to the American people. King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech addresses the grueling topicRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech768 Words   |  4 PagesBrandon Lim CU English 9/29/17 P:2 Using a variety of rhetorical devices, Martin Luther King Jr’s purpose of his â€Å"I Have A Dream Speech† takes a huge step for black americans by voicing the opinions of the people in a civil, non violent manner. He’s a role model for future activists to present the point clearly without hostility or anger, but with a firm tone and many of rhetorical devices. Dr. King gives the speech to help his cause of nonviolent activism against segregation and in favor of civilRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech901 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most acknowledged Civil Rights activists in this history of the United States, Martin Luther King, in his empowering speech, â€Å"I Have a Dream,† proposed his desire for racial equality across the globe in a strong-minded manner. King’s purpose for both writing and orally publishing this speech at the March on Washington affair was to motivate his audience into demanding racial justice and an amalgamated society for all people. He acquired a shameful but dedicated tone as he described theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech1018 Words   |  5 PagesI Have a Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Cruelty, inequality, death, sorrow, misery. All words to be associated with the hardships Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. passionately describes in his I Have A Dream speech. King, an activist and civil rights leader gave an empowering speech on August 28, 1963 in Washington D.C. Millions of hearts were touched and inspired to fight for their rights(â€Å"American Rhetoric: Martin Luther King Jr.†). This speech is aimed towards every race in a different specificRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech1002 Words   |  5 PagesA Dream Come True Picture yourself living in a society where people are judged and hated upon because of the pigment of their skin, terrible right? Enslaved, criticized, and alienated because there were â€Å"different† from everyone else. Even when granted freedom, colored men and women were still treated as if they were peasants to America. Martin Luther King Jr’s speech had the power to motivate this broken society to end their racist ways. After being lied to for many of years about being â€Å"free†,

Everyday Use By Alice Walker - 1948 Words

Everyone defines and identifies themselves in different ways. Whether it’s by our names, our religion, or our sexuality, we all have something different that make us unique and that we identify ourselves as. In Alice Walker’s short story â€Å"Everyday Use,† an African American woman tells the story of her daughter Dee’s long awaited visit. Upon her arrival the mother and her other daughter, Maggie, discover some drastic changes in Dee: she has changed her name to Wangero, she also arrived with a mysterious man who calls himself Asalamalakim, and has adopted an African style of dress in order to depict what she sees as her heritage. During the course of her visit, Dee tries to take several items, important to her family’s heritage. â€Å"Everyday†¦show more content†¦Wangero decides during some point in her time away, that she no longer wants to be Dee. She is now Wangero. She takes on this persona, this identity, by changing her name, int eracting with people who have the same beliefs as her and live within her discourse, and by changing her clothing. Although Dee is the name she has lived with most of her life, she easily switches her name to Wangero to represent the new identity she has made for herself. She just as easily switches her clothing style, as well as the group of people she associates with. This switch is also something that Mama will come to accept, she says to Dee â€Å"‘if that’s what you want us to call you, we’ll call you.’† This also shows how easily identity is able to be changed. Mama has known Dee as Dee for all of her life, however when her identity is switched to Wangero, she easily accepts this and calls her by her new name. Heritage was a central characteristic Walker uses to establish identity in her story. Mama and Maggie have a much different idea of what heritage is compared to Dee. Dee changes her name to Wangero because she believes that she â€Å"‘couldn’t bear any longer being named after the people who oppress me’† which to her, also meant was oppressing her African heritage. However, she has little idea about Africa and has no real connection there, except for the ancestors that lived there long ago. Mama and Maggie however, see heritage much differently. To them,Show MoreRelatedEveryday Use By Alice Walker852 Words   |  4 Pagescomes or belongs to one by reason of birth. In â€Å"Everyday Use†, by Alice Walker, the theme of the story can be considered as the meaning of heritage or even the power of education. Alice Walker uses many symbols and motifs such as the following: quilts, education, knowledge, Asalamalakim, and the renaming of Dee. In the story, A frican heritage and knowledge takes a major role. The African heritage plays a major role in the story, â€Å"Everyday Use†. Alice Walker emphasizes the meaning of heritage by havingRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1372 Words   |  6 PagesEverday Use† research paper In â€Å"everyday Use,† Alice Walker tells a narrative of a mother’s frustrating relationship together with her two daughters. At this facet, â€Å",Everyday Use†, tells that how a mom little by little refuses the cursory values of her older, successful daughter at the aspect of the useful values of her younger, much less lucky daughter. On a deeper outlook, Alice Walker takes on the theme of heritage and its norms as it applies to African-Americans. Everday Use, is set insideRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1102 Words   |  5 Pagespoem â€Å"Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers† can be read similar to Alice Walker s short story Everyday Use† both are compared by the women’s ways of showing their strengths and how they identify their values, expressions and strength. Advertised in the general outlines of the plot, both literary themes talks of a quest for freedom, the characters identity and self-expression. Adrienne Rich â€Å"Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers† Alice Walker â€Å"Everyday Use† Comparison Paper Analyzing the two types of literatureRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1372 Words   |  6 Pagessociety as a whole, but more specifically in the African American Community. Alice Walker gives slight insight into   what being forced   to assimilate is like. She says in her short story Everyday Use: She will stand hopelessly in corners homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs eyeing her sister with a mixture of envy and awe. Statements such as these are a regular occurrence in her works. Walker often speaks on the ever so disheartening topic of cultural assimilation and theRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker996 Words   |  4 PagesIn the short story â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker, the author describes different ideas about one’s heritage. Culture and heritage is at the main point of the story â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker as symbolized by the quilt. The bond that Mother and Maggie share is brought by their common talent to make works of art like quilts. Dee does not have similar capacity because she does not appreciate manual labor nor believes in her heritage. The idea of pride in culture, heritage, and family is the mainRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1721 Words   |  7 PagesIn her short story â€Å"Everyday Use,† Alice Walker summarizes the representation of the beauty, the conflicts and struggles within African-American culture. â€Å"Everyday Use† focuses mainly between members of the Johnson family, consisting of a mother and her two daughters. One of the daughters Maggie, who was injured in a house fire and has living a shy life clinging to her mother for security. Her older sister is Dee, who grew up with a grace and natural beauty. â€Å"Dee is lighter than Maggie, with nicerRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1655 Words   |  7 PagesIn â€Å"everyday Use,† Alice Walker tells a narrative of a mother’s frustrating relationship together with her two dau ghters. At this facet, â€Å",Everyday Use†, tells that how a mom little by little refuses the cursory values of her older, successful daughter at the aspect of the useful values of her younger, much less lucky daughter. On a deeper outlook, Alice Walker takes on the theme of heritage and its norms as it applies to African-Americans. Everday Use, is set inside the late ,60s or mid ,70sRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1735 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker and â€Å"Brownies† by ZZ Packer are two different short stories with different lessons but both talk about the topic of race. Both stories talks about the time in the 20th century when slavery just ended but racism are still active between African Americans and Caucasians. Walker described a story about a single African American mother who is waiting for her daughter to arrive from college. Packer described a story about these African American fourth graders who are inRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1111 Words   |  5 Pagestheir culture. Alice Walker highlights and distinguishes the dissimilarities and clichà © of country African American women with the actualities that make up their lives. Characterized by short, compound sentences, with long adjectives and use of literary elements, her style is eloquent co nversational and authentic. Alice Walker’s short story, Everyday Use is stylistic, ironic and narrates profound interpretation of unique views and approaches to African-American culture. Walker’s use of characterizationRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1725 Words   |  7 Pages17 April 2017 Everything is Not What it Seems Sometimes people forget that heritage has to do with truly understanding their past. Many often misrepresent it, especially the younger generations who just accept its presence. Alice Walker’s short story, â€Å"Everyday Use,† revolves around an African American family that consists of three women, who are very different from each other. The story begins with Maggie and Mama waiting in the yard for Dee, the main character, to visit from Augusta. Dee is

Klippel-Fiel Syndrome Free Essays

Klippel–Feil syndrome is a very rare disease. It was reported for the first time in 1912 by Maurice Klippel and Andre Feil. It has been characterized by the fusion of any 2 of the 7 cervical vertebrae. We will write a custom essay sample on Klippel-Fiel Syndrome or any similar topic only for you Order Now The syndrome occurs in a heterogeneous group of patients unified only by the presence of a defect in the formation or segmentation of the spine. Klippel–Feil syndrome can be identified by shortness of the neck. Those with the syndrome have a very low hairline and the ability of the neck to move is limited or none. Some symptoms include: ?Scoliosis, which is a side-to-side curve of the spine, which is abnormal. The spine sometimes appears as a â€Å"C† or an â€Å"S†. ?Spina bifida is when the spinal canal and the back bone do not close completely during birth. ?Cleft Palate, which is a hole in the roof of the mouth ?Respiratory problems ?Heart malformations ?Short stature The actual prevalence of Klippel-Feil syndrome is unknown due to the fact that there was no study done to determine the true prevalence. Although the actual occurrence for the KFS syndrome is unknown, it is estimated to occur 1 in 42,000 newborns worldwide. In addition, females seem to be affected slightly more often than males Treatment for Klippel–Feil syndrome is symptomatic and may include surgery to relieve cervical or craniocervical instability and constriction of the spinal cord, and to correct scoliosis. The heterogeneity of this syndrome has made it difficult to outline the diagnosis as well as the prognosis classes for this disease. Because of this, it has complicated the exact explanation of the genetic etiology of the syndrome. The prognosis for most individuals is good if the disorder is treated early on and appropriately. Activities that can injure the neck should be avoided, as it may contribute to further damage. Other diseases associated with the syndrome can be fatal if not treated, or if found too late to be treatable. Although, surgery is an option it’s not highly recommended. My sister suffers from this disorder; therefore I see it every day. Surgery was given to my mother as an option but there were far worse side effects to the aftermath of the surgery than just living with the disorder for the rest of her life. She didn’t choose to have surgery because either it would have paralyzed her or could have possibly killed her. The disorder has affected her by not allowing her to use her neck at all, which makes it very difficult for her to do the things that we can. How to cite Klippel-Fiel Syndrome, Essay examples

Postulated In Domain Of Sleep Deprivation †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Postulated In Domain Of Sleep Deprivation? Answer: Introducation There are several hypothesis postulated in order to ascertain the affect of sleep deprivation on the degree of mental alertness. This essay discusses on the two most important hypothesis postulated in the domain of sleep deprivation and tries to finds the significance of those two hypotheses under the light of the six different research papers conducted under the similar domain. Sustained Attention Performance During Sleep Deprivation: Evidence of State Instability According to the hypothesis postulated by Doran, Dongen, Dinges, sleep deprivation in humans did not eradicate the strength to deliver neurobehavioral functions but on contrary it creates a imbalance in the state to alertness of the sleep deprived individual, preventing him or her in maintain stable pr alert performance for more than a minute. Sleep deprivation has significant affect on the performance variability and it is expressed as intermittent lapsing. This sleep deprivation affects the causes a state if instability along with as escalating homeostatic drive for sleep, uncontrolled initiation of sleep and strong resistance to prevent sleep by using compensatory effort. This state of instability affects the neurobehavioral performance. This imbalance in the neurobehavioral performance causes moment to moment divergence from attention with is associated with the homeostatic drive for sleep and circadian promotion of wakefulness. The Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) Using done via implementing 88 hours of sleep deprivation was conducted in order to prove this hypothesis. The obtained results showed that the controlled group who was allowed to take 2 hours of NAP after every 12 hours (88 hours total) performed better in the PVT. Moreover, the results also showed that the performance variability of those who were kept awake for more than 18 hours at a stretch, declines rapidly accompanied with lack of motivation (Doran et al., 2001). However, the hypothesis claims that the state of instability does not eliminate the sustained neurobehavioral responses. It only hampers or decelerates specific neurobehavioral functions like alertness, problem solving skills, psychomotor skills while promoting false responding. A sleep deprived person is able to perform short term task with alertness but when the difficulty and the duration of the task increases then the sleep deprived persons faces problems and this problem increases with the tenure of the sleep deprivation (Doran et al., 2001). Prefrontal Neuropsychological Effects of Sleep Deprivation in Young Adultsa Model for Healthy Aging The prefrontal complex is the portion of the brain which is mainly responsible for a variety of different complex behaviors which includes planning as well as contributes to personal development. This is located in the front of the frontal lobe of the brain. Authors have found integral link between a people will to live along with their personality development and that of the functions of prefrontal cortex. They also contribute to decision making and moderating social behaviour. However, authors have developed a hypothesis which states that sleep deprivation in young adults results in impairment of the prefrontal cortex which is very similar to that of the preferential impairment that occurs in old age people during the time of their healthy aging. Authors are of the opinion that young people who suffer from sleep deprivation results in changes of the prefrontal complex in a pattern which is very similar to the modification that occur naturally in the prefrontal region of the brain i n the old people. Therefore they have put forward a hypothesis that of they conduct research models by taking sleep deprived patients of the younger cohort, they would be able to study the normal process of aging of the brain of the old which would be beneficial for invention of new facts (Harrison, Horne Rothwell, 2000). Comparison of both the hypothesis: Both the hypothesis reflects two different arenas of research. The first hypothesis mainly determines the activity of the prefrontal cortex in the sleep deprived young people. This hypothesis mainly talk about choosing the model of alterations occurring in the brain of sleep deprived young individuals which according to the authors are comparable to the alteration that take place during healthy aging of the old people. On the other hypothesize, authors mainly stressed on the performance level of individuals working in asleep deprived condition. In this hypothesis , authors state that long sleep deprived individuals are seen o provide forced compensatory effort which help them to accomplish short time tasks but they fail to provide concentration and attention when they are asked to complete in long sustained task which requires continuous attention. If the individuals are provided naps in between, the lapses frequency reduces resulting in better concentration. Otherwise the individual s who are sleep deprived will have frequent sleep attacks as well as lapses which will ultimately result the individual to go into uncontrollable sleep which eliminate wakefulness itself in the individual. A number of studies have been conducted so far in order to ascertain the basis of these two above-mentioned hypotheses. The current essay sheds light on how these two above-mentioned hypotheses hold true or deviated in the actual case scenarios. The comparison or the relatedness of these hypotheses is done via analysing 6 research papers which are framed 'specifically to ascertain the significance of these two hypotheses. Increasing Task Difficulty Facilitates the Cerebral Compensatory Response to Total Sleep Deprivation this study was conducted by Sean and this group of researchers in the year of 2004. Their aim of the study is to analyse the affect of task difficulty on the cerebral compensatory response of total sleep deprived people. Here the participants where were asked to perform the modified version of the Baddeleys Logical reasoning task while their are monitored via the magnetic resonance imagining. They were monitored twice, once after the normal tenure of sleep and once after 35 long hours of total sleep deprivation. The task was also simultaneously modified in order to parametrically manipulate the level of task difficulty. The participants were young (age mean: 27.6 +/- 6.1 years). The results showed that the degree of task difficulty facilitates the cerebral compensatory response during the tenure of total sleep deprivation. This compensatory response was found to express in new in new regions of the brain that otherwise has no relation with the task demand under the normal/well rested condition. Moreover, stronger compensatory responses are generated in the regions of the brain which are significantly related with the process of undergoing the task during well rested condition (Drummond et al., 2004). This study works in sync with the hypothesis 1 (sustained action performance), which states that a sleep deprived person is able to perform short term task with alertness via generating compensatory response in the brain (Doran et al., 2001). The paper Lapsing during Sleep Deprivation Is Associated with Distributed Changes in Brain Activation has been authored by researchers Chee et al., in the year 2008. Twenty four right handled male and female patients were allocated for the experiment out of which 17 subjects were ultimately incorporated to the experiential setting. They visited the laboratory three times each time with predefined activities. After the conducting of the activities and tests taken by researchers it was found that sleep depression resulted in slower as well as less accurate and more variable performance and also affected different task related activity performance. Lapses were also found to be associated with reduction of virtual and cortical activities in SD patients. The researchers performed functional magnetic resonance imaging during visual as well as selective attention task and mainly noticed the correct responses in a trial by trail pattern and then modelled the effects of the response. When com parison are done between sleep deprived individuals and individuals taking normal night sleep, it was found that lapses differ as the previous had reduced ability of the frontal and parietal region to raise activation to respond to the lapses, resulted in reduction of activation of visual sensory cortex and reduced thalamic activation during lapses in comparison to elevated activation in non lapse period (Chee et al., 2008). This theory has inculcate the mixing of both the hypothesis as the authors have used the prefrontal characteristic changes in sleep deprived patients like the first hypothesis and showed their effect on the brain function and normal activity level of the participants in regular tasks like the second hypothesis. Chee and Choo conducted experiments and published their work through the Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation which was published in the year 2004. The authors had mainly incorporated 14 participants who were young and were right handed. The main motive of the study was to analyze the neurobehavioral effects after 24 hour of sleep in those young adults. Before conducting magnetic resonance imaging, they were allowed to go through two tests (LTS and PLUS) one with testing maintenance in four blocks and the other in manipulation and maintenance in three blocks. Response time after sleep deprivation in both the tasks was slower. An interesting observation was found here. Different patterns of changes occurred in the different portion of the parietal frontal portions of the brain which result in cognitive impairment of the brain regions after sleep deprivation. However, increased prefrontal and thalamic activation helps the participants to undertak e compensatory adaptation. All the finding of the papers help the researchers to come to a conclusion that more complex tasks are well done by sleep deprived individuals than simple tasks. This is based on the first hypothesis as researchers have mainly discussed about the brain regions related functional modifications and have also stated that this model matches with occurrences of changes of the elder adults (Chee Choo, 2004). Drummond et al. had published a paper Sleep deprivation-induced reduction in cortical functional response to serial subtraction in the year 1999. They had the main aim of studying the effects of sleep deprivation on the different functional alteration in the brain and thereby to study these changes. For these, they had taken thirteen normal healthy subjects after taking their written consents. They were made to perform 4 different tasks twice a day and at the same time fMRI scans were done once after a normal night sleep and one after a sleep deprived sleep. Arithmetic tasks were mainly conducted. The authors wanted to know that whether the prefrontal cortex and parietal lobe had any alterations due to the affects of SD. It was seen that in comparison to that after the normal night sleep, activities of the mentioned regions of the brain decreased after sleep deprivation especially in the PFC (Drummond et al., 1999). The work aligns with the first hypothesis as the main discussion re mains concerned with the effects on the different parts of the brain and their related functional decrease or functional loss. The study, The Neural Basis of Psychomotor Vigilance Test was conducted Drummond with the group of researchers in the year of 2005. The aim of the study is to identify the regions of the brains that promote fastest and slowest reaction times during the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT). The study was conducted under well-rested conditions and is particularly directed towards the specific regions of the brain, which deliver extremely poor performance during the tenure of sleep deprivation. The study was conducted with 20 right handed healthy adults (age mean: 27.4 +/- 6.7 years) who were made to undergo two PVTs and while they are giving PVT, their brains were analysed under magnetic resonance imaging. These two PVT tests were performed after every 12 hours (after waking up from a normal night sleep) and after 36 hours of total sleep deprivation. The results obtained showed that optimal performance of the brain during the PVT test depends on the activation of both sustained attention s ystem and motor system. The poor performance following the PVT, recorded after the total sleep deprivation is the result of the poor attention. However, in order to make up the poor performance, brain at times elicit compensatory response to that particular positions of the brain that are responsible for fast and attentive performance. These findings are in accordance with the hypothesis 1 (sustained action performance) which states that the poor performance of the individuals in the PVT after TSD is a result of the decrease in the mental alertness or poor attention. The brain fails to stay alert after prolong hours of sleep deprivation and hence provides poor result in the PVT (Doran et al., 2001). The aim of the study, Neural basis of alertness and cognitive performance impairments during sleepiness. I. Effects of 24 h of sleep deprivation on waking human regional brain activity, conducted by Thomas et al., in the year of 2000 was to analyse the significance of the hypothesis which states that the negative effects of the sleep deprivation on alertness and cognitive performance is a result of the decrease in the activity of the brain, mainly in the sub cortical region and prefrontal cortex. In order to conduct the study, Thomas et al., performed Positron Emission Tomography (PET) over 17 normal subjects who were sleep deprived for 85 hours. They used Fluorine 2-deoxyglucose (FDG) is a marker to detect the cerebral metabolic rate of the glucose (CMRglu) and simultaneous neuronal synaptic activity. 2 scans per subject was done per 24 hours intervals. The study showed short term sleep deprivation results in global decrease in the brain activity with significant decrease in the glo bal CMRglu. This study works in sync with both the hypotheses. It proved the influence of prefrontal cortex on neuropsychological effects of the sleep deprivation and also indicated that how sleep deprivation cast a negative impact on the cognitive performance and alertness (Doran et al., 2001; Harrison, Horne Rothwell, 2000). Thus from the above discussion it can be concluded that the sleep deprivation has a prominent affect on the degree of alertness of the brain and is mostly concerned with the prefrontal cortex of the brain. Reference List Chee, M. W., Choo, W. C. (2004). Functional imaging of working memory after 24 hr of total sleep deprivation.Journal of Neuroscience,24(19), 4560-4567. Chee, M. W., Tan, J. C., Zheng, H., Parimal, S., Weissman, D. H., Zagorodnov, V., Dinges, D. F. (2008). Lapsing during sleep deprivation is associated with distributed changes in brain activation.Journal of Neuroscience,28(21), 5519-5528. Doran, S. M., Van Dongen, H. P. A., Dinges, D. F. (2001). Sustained attention performance during sleep deprivation: evidence of state instability.Archives italiennes de biologie,139(3), 253-267. Drummond, S. P., Brown, G. G., Salamat, J. S., Gillin, J. C. (2004). Increasing task difficulty facilitates the cerebral compensatory response to total sleep deprivation.Sleep,27(3), 445-451. Drummond, S. P., Brown, G. G., Stricker, J. L., Buxton, R. B., Wong, E. C., Gillin, J. C. (1999). Sleep deprivation?induced reduction in cortical functional response to serial subtraction.Neuroreport,10(18), 3745-3748. Harrison, Y., Horne, J. A., Rothwell, A. (2000). Prefrontal neuropsychological effects of sleep deprivation in young adults--a model for healthy aging?.Sleep,23(8), 1067-1073. Sean P. A. Drummond, Amanda Bischoff-Grethe, David F. Dinges, Liat Ayalon, Sara C. Mednick, M. J., Meloy. (2005). The Neural Basis of Psychomotor Vigilance Test. Sleep, 28(9), 1059-68. Thomas, M., Sing, H., Belenky, G., Holcomb, H., Mayberg, H., Dannals, R., ... Welsh, A. (2000). Neural basis of alertness and cognitive performance impairments during sleepiness. I. Effects of 24 h of sleep deprivation on waking human regional brain activity.Journal of sleep research,9(4), 335-352.

The British Music Invasion free essay sample

The whole country was in a deep depressive doldrums after the assassination, and for good reason. The British invasion was needed by Americans to snap out of this funk, and this was just the thing to do it. (One thing that Americans used to avoid the depressing times was to use illegal drugs, but that will be elaborated on later This is what it was all about; sure it was about the music, but it brought more, it brought a way of life across the ocean. A lot of the invasion stayed in that generation, many bands and songs that were big then are all but totally forgotten about now.Bands such as the Searchers, the Swinging Blue Jeans, and Gerry and the Pacemakers all had one or two great hits which stayed in that time. This however, was part of the beauty of it all. Some of the music stayed with us thirty years later, and thats great, it gives us a good sampling of the time. We will write a custom essay sample on The British Music Invasion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the other hand, you have the music that was meant for the era, and not for future generations. That is part of the uniqueness of it all, and Lester Bangs says it best when he tells how it doesnt matter that the music sin t listened to anymore, thats not what it was for.It was for the time, it was a timepiece. On the other hand, we have the bands that were not simply timepieces and were able to stick around three decades later. These bands are the Who, he Kinks, the Rolling Stones and the Beetles. This is another aspect of why the invasion was so influential. Where would we be in rock and roll with out the Beetles, and on a slightly lesser extent the Stones. These bands transformed rock into what we know it today. Without them, the way might not have been paved for Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin and countless others.Both sides of the spectrum were extremely important for the invasion to have the long lasting effects it continues to have. Culture itself was radically changed in both waves of the invasion, the first being roughly 1963-67, and the second being 1968-1974. In the early wave, the Beetles created a frenzy that was never seen before in America. In early August 1 964, Battlement had become a full blown epidemic. Teenage girls jammed the theaters, singing along with the songs, shrieking and crying as each of the lovable mop tops did his star turn (Ward, 279).Teenage girls were acting way out of line according to previous etiquette established in earlier decades. This started a gradual trend Of major change from this point on. We could even say that the Beetles were the most influential entity on American behavior in the last forty years. In the second wave, a sort of drug ultra emerged; headed by such bands as The Jim Hendrix Experience, Pink Floyd and others. While the Beetles and the Stones (more so in the early years) had a clean-cut look, these bands were openly on acid, and it was well known that it was considered one of their main sources of creativity. Held at Alexandra Placidness the cavernous structure, there were bands (often two at once, playing from full volume from opposite ends of the hall), an unending display of film and lighthouse dawn, as the walls of Ally Apply began to tu rn pink, Pink Floyd finally came undergone had been waiting for them and everybody was on acid (Ward, 355). This quote shows the elaborate performances that these acid bands put on, and how the audience was so high that the spectacle before them just added to the experience.This particular concert was held in Europe, but the same concept was brought over to America with these bands. One theory that I have constructed for this sudden use of drugs is the Vietnam War. Just like when the country went into a funk when Kennedy was assassinated, the Vietnam War turned the country upside down. The country needed another pickup, but this time they needed to get away from it all; it was too much to deal with. The use of mind-altering drugs was just the thing to do it; they would put people in happier places and relax them to the point of not worrying about the problems around them.Even the Beetles took a radical turn towards the late asss, with music laced with drug inferences; shown in songs such as Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds and Strawberry Fields Forever. Newspaper taxis appear on the shore, waiting to take you away. Climb in the back with you head in the clouds, and youre gone. This quote is directly from Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds, and it is obviously drug oriented, talking about climbing in the clouds and leaving. The newspaper taxis can be seen as an illusion from the drugs, and the usage of the cloud can be considered getting high and getting away from the present reality.Now when the Beetles, arguably the most influential band in rock and roll history, changed their style, others followed. As previously mentioned, The Jim Hendrix Experience, Pink Floyd, and other British bands followed suit with this movement, and thus a large- scale drug influx arrived in America. Another part of American culture that was drastically changed was the style of dress. Bluebottles, bare midriffs and long wavy hair was not the way of the previous generation. This also relates to the etiquette previously discussed, for they go hand in hand.In both cases the dress and conduct etiquette was very modest and rule oriented. If people would have acted and dressed the way they did from the asss on in the asss, they would have been considered totally out of line and out of control. All of this came from the British influx, for with their new music they brought new style and clothing. From this time on Britain has been at the forefront for the new waves Of fashion and design. The revolution brought on all kind Of change and it didnt follow any of the previous rules, it shattered them. There was so much change going on in the asss, it was a time of great turbulence from start to finish. Protests, assassinations, war, pacifists; they all played a major role in the United States during this time. Something substantial had to happen to help relieve some of the on going woes. It was the British music. Not once, but twice, within a span of ten years were the British the influence that helped get us over those times. It may have been in a more positive way in the first wave, and maybe in a more negative way in the second, introducing an entire drug culture, but either way it made an impact.I have always viewed the asss as one of the most intriguing decades to live in, because of its culture shock that occurred during this time. It was the decade of peace, love and drugs; it would have been great to be there to experience these things. Nevertheless, in the research I have done, I have realized the importance of not only the British music on this decade, but all of the feelings behind the music, all of the meanings and emotions and social change which it encouraged. It was the decade with the highest highs and the lowest lows in the last half-century. It was the time when British music saved America from itself.